树脂吸附法处理硫化促进剂CA生产废水的研究

采用特种吸附树脂处理促进剂CA生产废水 ,系统地研究了废水的pH值、吸附温度及吸附流量等因素对树脂吸附性能的影响 ,以及以稀硫酸为脱附剂 ,其配比、流量、温度等对树脂脱附性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,特种吸附树脂对该废水具有良好的吸附 脱附效果 ,废水经吸附处理后 ,CODCr浓度由 2 0 0 0 0mg/L左右降至 30 0mg/L以下 ,CODCr去除率达98%以上。该工艺简单 ,运行稳定 ,操作简便 ,可望实现工业化。     

硫酸盐还原氨氧化体系中基质转化途径

NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)在接种ANAMMOX培养物的条件下发生同步转化的现象得到研究者的关注,并据此认为这是发生了以SO_4~(2-)为电子受体的NH_4~+氧化过程.然而在相关文献报道中存在着一些问题和疑惑.本文利用CFSTR反应器通过接种ANAMMOX微生物研究了NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)同步转化特征,在进水除氧、非充满的密封条件下,NH_4~+-N平均转化50.8 mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)-S平均转化量达4.5 mg·L~(-1),同时元素分析结果显示观察到的黄色固体不是单质硫而是含铁化合物;而在完全充满的批试反应器中,观察不到NH_4~+的转化,SO_4~(2-)发生明显转化,且转化速率与接种生物量有关.这两种条件下反应器中的ORP有很大的差异.通过分析论证,认为本研究及相关文献观察报道的NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)同步转化很可能不是ANAMMOX微生物以SO_4~(2-)为电子受体氧化NH_4~+,而是各自独立的反应过程:NH_4~+的氧化是由于反应器运行过程形成的微氧环境所致,而SO_4~(2-)的转化是因微生物衰亡过程释放有机物导致的异养还原.这种转化途径可以澄清和解释相关研究中存在的问题和疑惑.     

多氨基树脂的制备表征及其对水中酚类化合物的吸附机制

通过沉淀聚合法制备了三交联型的聚马来酸酐树脂(Polymaleic anhydride resin,PMAR),然后氨化接枝得到系列衍生的多氨基树脂,并采用红外光谱(FTIR)、Zeta电位、元素分析、扫描电镜(SEM)和N₂吸附/解吸(BET)等手段对其进行了表征.对系列多氨基树脂的吸附性能进行比较发现,该系列树脂对4-硝基苯酚(4-NP)的吸附能力随氨基数量的增加而增加,其中以氨基数最多的四亚甲基五胺修饰的聚马来酸酐树脂PMAR-VA吸附性能最好.在各种酚类化合物中,PMAR-VA树脂对4-NP具有较高的选择性.同时,研究了树脂投加量、溶液pH、离子强度等因素对水中4-N吸附性能的影响,并对吸附过程进行了吸附动力学模拟,发现吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述PMAR-VA对溶液中4-NP的吸附过程,最大吸附量为77.1 mg·g^-1(pH=6.0和25 ℃).吸附热力学结果表明,4-NP在PMAR-VA上的吸附是一个自发的物理吸附过程,其吸附机制主要为静电吸引和氢键.脱附再生实验发现,0.2 mol·L^-1 NaOH溶液脱附效果最优.经5次循环再生使用,PMAR-VA树脂的吸附性能没有明显下降.     

NanoChem分子筛对高氨氮废水去除效果的研究

采用新型的离子吸附交换材料NanoChem分子筛,研究对高浓度氨氮的模拟废水和实际垃圾渗滤液的去除效果.结果显示,氨氮吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,其中单位NanoChem分子筛吸附氨氮饱和浓度以N计算为364 mg.g-1,对高浓度氨氮的吸附能力比天然沸石或者微孔分子筛强3～30倍.在间歇实验中考察了操作参数对氨氮去除的影响,NanoChem分子筛20 h后基本达到离子交换平衡;氨氮去除量随着初始浓度的增加而增加,而去除率则随着初始浓度的增加而减少;同时溶液初始pH值不但影响氨氮去除率还影响离子交换特性;再生前后氨氮去除效果变化不大,重复性强.动态连续流研究发现NanoChem分子筛能用于实际高浓度氨氮废水的去除,去除率可达到100%.     

Advanced regeneration and fixed-bed study of ammonium and potassium removal from anaerobic digested wastewater by natural zeolite

Highly efficient regeneration of natural zeolite was developed in conjunction with the removal of high concentrations of ammonia and potassium from the reverse osmosis effluent of anaerobic-digested wastewater by fixed-bed ion exchange.The elution and uptake behavior of ammonium and potassium in the fixed bed were studied.Both batch desorption tests and on-column regeneration were conducted to develop an optimum regeneration condition compatible with the wastewater requirements.The effectiveness of ammonium elution increased with increasing alkaline concentration.The increase of salt dose significantly enhanced the ammonium maximum in the elution solution.Complete ammonium elution was achieved in 6 bed volumes(BV) when the alkaline and salt concentrations were respectively 0.1 mol/L and 18.6 g/L at a flow rate of 2.5-3.0 BV/hr.Due to the higher affinity of potassium with natural clinoptilolite,complete potassium elution was not achieved in all cases.     

扩底桩抗拔承载特性数值分析

基于通用软件ABAQU S,建立了扩底抗拔桩三维弹塑性有限元模型,通过对模型的计算与分析,探讨了扩底桩的抗拔承载特性。为验证数值模型的可靠性,将数值计算得到的荷载—位移关系曲线与试桩资料进行比较,两者吻合较好,表明本文所建立的模型可较好地模拟扩底抗拔桩的工作性状。通过计算与分析,探讨了扩底抗拔桩的轴力、侧摩阻力分布特征,桩身和扩大头周围土体变形与塑性应变的发展规律,以及扩大头的挤压作用对扩大头周围土体竖向应力的影响。同时,通过变动参数研究了扩大头的形状、土体的性质对扩底桩抗拔承载力的影响,结果表明,扩大头直径和扩大头周围土体的性质对抗拔承载力的影响较大,而扩底高度的影响相对较小。     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

渭河关中段生态基流保障的水质水量响应关系研究

以渭河关中段为研究对象,结合渭河关中段的水文和水质特征,建立了渭河关中段水质水量响应关系计算程序.设置现状年(2007年)生态基流调控方案,通过渭河关中段生态基流保障调控模型计算渭河关中段各断面调控后的流量.将调控后的各断面流量输入渭河关中段水量水质响应关系的Visual Basic程序中,计算得到各断面水质与枯水期平均流量、最小流量及90％基流保证率流量的响应关系.结果表明,林家村断面至常兴桥断面水质相对较好,且优于地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)V类水标准,兴平断面至新丰镇桥断面之间水质相对较差.本文可为渭河关中段枯水期生态基流保障及水质改善提供技术支持.     

Chemical identification and genotoxicity analysis of petrochemical industrial wastewater

The actual harmful effects of industrial wastewater can not be reflected by the conventional water quality index. Therefore, the change in dissolved organic matter and the genetic toxicity of petrochemical wastewater were observed in the current study by examining the wastewater treatment plant of a large petrochemical enterprise in Northwest China. Using XAD-8, MSC, and DA-7 resins, the wastewater was separated into six fractions, namely, hydrophobic acid (HOA), hydrophobic neutral (HOB), hydrophobic alkaline, hydrophilic acid, hydrophilic alkaline, and hydrophilic neutral. Umu-test was used to detect the genetic toxicity of the wastewater samples, and fluorescence spectra were also obtained to examine genetic toxic substances. The results show that wastewater treatment facilities can effectively reduce the concentration of organic matter in petrochemical wastewater (p<0.05). However, the mixing of aniline wastewater can increase the amount of organic carbon (p<0.05) and can overload facilities. This finding shows that the mixed collection and joint treatment of different types of petrochemical wastewater can affect the water quality of the effluent. Particularly, hydrophobic substances can be difficult to remove and account for a relatively large proportion of the effluent. The mixture of aniline wastewater can increase the genetic toxicity of the effluent (p<0.05), and biologic treatment can not effectively decrease the toxicity. Most of the genetic toxicology may exist in the HOA and HOB fractions. Fluorescence spectroscopy also confirms this result, and tryptophan-like substances may play an important role in genetic toxicity.     

Overlooked nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment

• AOA and comammox bacteria can be more abundant and active than AOB/NOB at WWTPs. • Coupled DNRA/anammox and NO_x-DAMO/anammox/comammox processes are demonstrated. • Substrate level, SRT and stressors determine the niches of overlooked microbes. • Applications of overlooked microbes in enhancing nitrogen removal are promising. Nitrogen-cycling microorganisms play key roles at the intersection of microbiology and wastewater engineering. In addition to the well-studied ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria, heterotrophic denitrifiers, and anammox bacteria, there are some other N-cycling microorganisms that are less abundant but functionally important in wastewater nitrogen removal. These microbes include, but not limited to ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) bacteria, and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizing (NO_x-DAMO) microorganisms. In the past decade, the development of high-throughput molecular technologies has enabled the detection, quantification, and characterization of these minor populations. The aim of this review is therefore to synthesize the current knowledge on the distribution, ecological niche, and kinetic properties of these “overlooked” N-cycling microbes at wastewater treatment plants. Their potential applications in novel wastewater nitrogen removal processes are also discussed. A comprehensive understanding of these overlooked N-cycling microbes from microbiology, ecology, and engineering perspectives will facilitate the design and operation of more efficient and sustainable biological nitrogen removal processes.