One Hundred Questions of Importance to the Conservation of Global Biological Diversity

Abstract:  We identified 100 scientific questions that, if answered, would have the greatest impact on conservation practice and policy. Representatives from 21 international organizations, regional sections and working groups of the Society for Conservation Biology, and 12 academics, from all continents except Antarctica, compiled 2291 questions of relevance to conservation of biological diversity worldwide. The questions were gathered from 761 individuals through workshops, email requests, and discussions. Voting by email to short-list questions, followed by a 2-day workshop, was used to derive the final list of 100 questions. Most of the final questions were derived through a process of modification and combination as the workshop progressed. The questions are divided into 12 sections: ecosystem functions and services, climate change, technological change, protected areas, ecosystem management and restoration, terrestrial ecosystems, marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, species management, organizational systems and processes, societal context and change, and impacts of conservation interventions. We anticipate that these questions will help identify new directions for researchers and assist funders in directing funds.     

石油企业正压式空气呼吸器的检验与管理

本文依据调查与检验结果,指出了石油企业在空气呼吸器检验与管理工作中存在的问题,并提出了完善检测手段、管理制度,以及加强呼吸器使用人员的培训等方面的建议。     

A Novel Approach to Assessing the Prevalence and Drivers of Illegal Bushmeat Hunting in the Serengeti

Assessing anthropogenic effects on biological diversity, identifying drivers of human behavior, and motivating behavioral change are at the core of effective conservation. Yet knowledge of people's behaviors is often limited because the true extent of natural resource exploitation is difficult to ascertain, particularly if it is illegal. To obtain estimates of rule‐breaking behavior, a technique has been developed with which to ask sensitive questions. We used this technique, unmatched‐count technique (UCT), to provide estimates of bushmeat poaching, to determine motivation and seasonal and spatial distribution of poaching, and to characterize poaching households in the Serengeti. We also assessed the potential for survey biases on the basis of respondent perceptions of understanding, anonymity, and discomfort. Eighteen percent of households admitted to being involved in hunting. Illegal bushmeat hunting was more likely in households with seasonal or full‐time employment, lower household size, and longer household residence in the village. The majority of respondents found the UCT questions easy to understand and were comfortable answering them. Our results suggest poaching remains widespread in the Serengeti and current alternative sources of income may not be sufficiently attractive to compete with the opportunities provided by hunting. We demonstrate that the UCT is well suited to investigating noncompliance in conservation because it reduces evasive responses, resulting in more accurate estimates, and is technically simple to apply. We suggest that the UCT could be more widely used, with the trade‐off being the increased complexity of data analyses and requirement for large sample sizes. Una Aproximación Novedosa para Evaluar la Prevalencia y Factores de la Cacería Ilegal en el Serengueti     

加强企业劳动防护用品的管理

简述了劳动防护用品的分类,强调了当前管理和使用中存在的问题,提出了加强管理的对策和建议。     

有限主观题考试自适应系统

有限主观题考试自适应系统的开发和应用,是实现科学客观考试学生实际能力的又一突破,本文着重介绍了该系统的基本设计思想和实现方法,并且介绍了实现方法的创新点和系统的创新性。     

南四湖入湖重点污染河流筛选与水环境问题分析

根据南四湖主要河流入湖口水质空间分布监测数据,按平均综合污染指数〖WTBX〗Pj〖WTBZ〗＞2的标准共筛选出洸府河和薛城小沙河等17条重污染河流,这些河流CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染贡献率平均值依次为455%、763%、86.4%,说明南四湖TN和TP主要来自于重污染河流, CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染分担率平均值依次为22.7%、15.4%、61.9%,说明南四湖的首要入湖污染物是TN,其次是CODcr和TP。给出了南四湖湖东区入湖河口NH3 N与TN的线性回归方程,受湖西与湖东地形地势、河流形态、水力停留时间以及水体中pH、SS、叶绿素a等多种因素的影响,湖西比湖东河流的硝化过程较完全,湖西区和湖东区入湖河口氨氮与总氮的平均比值分别为025和065。分析表明,重污染河流的汇水区域一般都在主要城镇和工矿区分布,CODcr和氮污染物主要来自于工业和城市生活等点污染源,磷污染物主要来自于部分工业行业。因此,加强南四湖流域的工业结构调整、重点企业截污和城市污水处理厂脱氮除磷等点源控制措施仍是重中之重。     

基于利益相关方分析法的规划环评公众参与研究

采用利益相关方分析法,并依据<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>、<环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法>等相关法律法规要求,遵循随机性原则和利益相关性原则,确定参与规划环境影响评价(简称规划环评)的公众范围,着重分析规划环评中相关方利益诉求.以某电石化工产业基地规划环评为例,通过规划环评的公众参与,分析利益相关方的共同点、关心点和矛盾点,并围绕各利益中心结合法律、法规设置了不同类型的问卷调查表,根据调查数据分析结果提出规划调整建议,解决了规划环评中利益相关方面临的问题.研究表明,利益相关方分析能够反映规划的环境不合理性,有助于规划的调整与优化.     

Ten Key Questions About the Management of Water in the Yellow River Basin

Water is scarce in many regions of the world, clean water is difficult to find in most developing countries, there are conflicts between irrigation needs and urban demands, and there is wide debate over appropriate means of resolving these problems. Similarly, in China, there is limited understanding of the ways in which people, groups, and institutions contribute to, are affected by, and respond to changes in water quantity and quality. We use the example of the Yellow River basin to argue that these social, managerial, and policy dimensions of the present water problems are significant and overshadow the physical ones. Despite this, they receive relatively little attention in the research agenda, particularly of the lead agencies in the management of the Yellow River basin. To this end, we ask ten research questions needed to address the policy needs of water management in the basin, split into two groups of five. The first five relate to the importance of water in this basin and the changes that have affected water problems and will continue to do so. The second five questions represent an attempt to explore possible solutions to these problems.     

酸乳加工及质量控制

通过对酸乳加工工艺及酸乳生产危害分析，确定危害关键控制点，通过酸奶生产中常见的质量问题进行监控，以保证酸乳生产的质量．     

PRB修复地下水污染的研究综述

综述了可渗透反应墙(PRB)的概念、结构、反应机理,按照处理不同的污染物和反应介质对PRB进行分类,并对此应用现状进行了分析,分析当前PRB技术在修复地下水污染中所遇到的问题,展望其未来发展方向.