基于知识图谱的应急管理研究态势分析

为直观展现国际范围内应急管理的研究态势,以2001—2011年间SSCI数据库中相关文献和数据为基础,运用Cite SpaceⅡ软件绘制应急管理研究领域的知识图谱。通过知识图谱可视化分析,展示国际应急管理领域主要研究力量的分布,应急管理研究的起源与知识基础,其学科领域和前沿的基本态势。研究结果表明,应急管理已成为研究热点,主要力量集中在欧美发达国家。相关研究起源于医疗卫生领域,目前研究内容延伸到自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件与社会安全事件等诸多领域。研究前沿问题集中在"恐怖主义"、"实时生产监控"、"突发事件"、"应急响应"、"应急护理"等方面。     

Using MCDA and GIS for hazardous waste landfill siting considering land scarcity for waste disposal

The main aim of this study was to develop a procedure that minimizes the wasting of space for the siting of hazardous waste landfills as part of a solid waste management system. We wanted to tackle the shortage of land for waste disposal that is a serious and growing problem in most large urban regions. The procedure combines a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach with a geographical information system (GIS). The GIS was utilised to obtain an initial screening in order to eliminate unsuitable areas, whereas the MCDA was developed to select the most suitable sites. The novelty of the proposed siting procedure is the introduction of a new screening phase before the macro-siting step aimed at producing a “land use map of potentially suitable areas” for the siting of solid waste facilities which simultaneously takes into consideration all plant types. The issue of obtaining sites evaluations of a specific facility was coupled with the issue of not wasting land appropriate to facilitate other types of waste management options. In the developed case study, the use of an innovative criteria weighting tool (the “Priority Scale”) in combination with the Analytic Hierarchy Process was useful to easier define the priorities of the evaluation criteria in comparison with other classic methods such as the Paired Comparison Technique in combination with the Simple Additive Weighting method.     

A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation

The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist.     

“070812”云南元江特大山洪泥石流气象成因分析

利用MICAPS常规资料、加密自动站雨量、FY-2C卫星TBB资料和多普勒雷达探测等资料,分析了云南元江2007年8月12日特大山洪泥石流灾害的气象成因。结果表明:低层冷锋切变在南移过程中受帕布台风低压外围较强东北气流的阻挡和引导,使切变转向后在哀牢山附近形成与山脉平行的西北东南向风向切变是造成本次降雨过程的主要天气系统,切变线附近形成的中尺度系统和多普勒径向速度的逆风区产生的短时大暴雨,是引发元江8.12特大山洪泥石流灾害的直接天气原因。     

广东2010年5月一周两次暴雨过程的对比分析

2010年5月中旬,广东省在一周之内连续遭受了两次区域性暴雨过程,其频次之高、雨量之多、强度之大为历史同期所少有。对这两次暴雨过程从水汽输送、动力结构、大气稳定度和雷达特征等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明:两次暴雨过程的环流形势及影响系统不同,水汽输送和辐合强弱与暴雨范围有密切关系,降水强度不但受大气不稳定度影响,动力触发更可能是引发强降水的关键因素;产生暴雨的飑线通过吸收合并其移动前方和沿近地层辐合带新生单体得以维持和发展,飑线上的HP型超级单体是产生降水峰值的主要载体。     

桂林地区短时暴雨自动监测预警系统研究

通过制作混合扫描面,调整Z-I关系和自动站雨量校准等方法对多普勒天气雷达估测降水进行了优化,使雷达估测降水误差明显减小。运用交叉相关法、降水算法对雷达反射率因子进行计算,得到了未来1～2 h的定量预测降水。按照暴雨预警信号标准,将估测降水与预测降水累加,可及时获得暴雨预警信号信息,自动生成暴雨预警信号等级分布图,对达到预警信号标准的站点及时通过手机发布暴雨预警信号提示信息。结合多层次地理信息系统,形成了集自动站资料查询、雷达降水监测、临近预测、暴雨预警功能为一体的桂林雷达定量降水监测预警平台,为有效监测预警暴雨引发的山体滑坡、洪涝等气象灾害提供了客观定量依据。     

低空急流暴雨天气概念模型及其雷达回波特征分析

对2002-2010年广西12个急流暴雨个例进行的分析研究表明,广西急流暴雨是在大尺度背景下,由天气系统和中小尺度系统共同影响的结果,当有低空急流存在的情况下,降水量有明显的增幅作用;对天气背景的分析表明,低空急流暴雨天气概念模型主要有低涡急流型和深槽切变急流型以及副高加强急流型。雷达回波主要有块状、带状和絮状三种类型;再通过分析低空急流暴雨过程的雷达回波强度、回波演变、其他产品特征、回波的源地移动、暴雨落区等主要内容,形成低空急流暴雨的短时预报模型。     

Detection of small leakage from long transportation pipeline with complex noise

In the long distance pipeline remote monitoring system, small leak detection becomes an important issue. Weak singularities in small leak signals are usually difficult to detect precisely under complicated noise background, which may cause false alarm or miss alarm. The advantage of applying the harmonic wavelet method is explored in this paper. Pipeline small leak sensitive characteristics are recognized and the negative pressure wave inflexions are extracted by harmonic wavelet analysis, expressed in terms of harmonic wavelet time-frequency mesh map, time-frequency contour map, and time-frequency profile plot. This paper also presents a comparative study of both Daubechies wavelet and harmonic wavelet analysis when applied to pipeline small leak detection under complicated background noises. Results of simulating test and field experiment show that it is possible to distinguish weak non-stationarities from complicated noises by harmonic wavelet analysis in pipeline small leak detection system. The comparison clearly illustrates that harmonic wavelet based pipeline small leakage detection method is significantly more accurate than other wavelets analysis such as Daubechies wavelet. This work provides a reliable and safe guarantee for oil and gas long distance transportation, reducing petroleum product losses and protecting surrounding environment.     

Reflexive assessment of practical and holistic sanitation development tools using the rural and peri-urban case of Mexico

Lack of sanitation affects the lives of billions of people worldwide. It is now generally agreed that sustainable solutions to this complex problem require social and cultural factors to be addressed in addition to the habitual economic and technical aspects. Increasingly, sector professionals view the fragmented approaches to sanitation as a limiting factor. This refers to the fragmentation of the knowledge on the subject among often hermetic disciplines and to the distribution of political mandates on sanitation across many institutions, which independently tackle specific aspects of the issue. Holistic approaches have often been suggested as a solution. This paper presents the development of such a holistic approach, designed to assess sanitation development in rural and peri-urban settings. Tested in three Mexican communities, it relies on qualitative research tools to identify critical influences to sanitation development. This article presents generic results about micro and macro-factors affecting sanitation development in Mexican villages, and reflexively examines the research process as well as the strengths and limitations of the approach. The conceptual map developed for each case study successfully highlights the interconnectedness of all factors affecting sanitation development. Despite some weaknesses, these maps constitute a practical assessment tool for interdisciplinary teams deployed in integrated water and sanitation development programs and a valuable didactic tool for training activities.     

近30 a基本农田领域研究态势的可视化分析

论文通过收集"基本农田"为关键词的537篇检索文献,建立关键词共现关系聚类图谱与时区图谱,以Citespace可视化分析法分析近30 a(1986—2015年)中国基本农田领域研究的发展态势。研究结果表明:1)基本农田领域的研究聚类集中在基本农田保护、评价、划定以及建设等4个领域,研究内容与方法侧重点不同;2)基本农田研究内涵及内容体系丰富,具有明显的时代性特征,并且具有明显的地域差异性和时间变异性;3)基本农田研究还存在一定的共性问题,一是基本农田划定与评价指标体系过于笼统,评价体系缺乏协调性,二是缺少各级别的基金资助与支持。研究建议:基本农田评价与划定标准体系要考虑区域特征与需求;基本农田研究要适应土地利用规划及土地整治等国家战略要求;同时,基本农田研究应是一项科学问题,要发展成为国家自然基金等资助的重要检索关键词与申报领域。