Long‐Term High‐Resolution Radar Rainfall Fields for Urban Hydrology

Accurate records of high‐resolution rainfall fields are essential in urban hydrology, and are lacking in many areas. We develop a high‐resolution (15 min, 1 km²) radar rainfall data set for Charlotte, North Carolina during the 2001‐2010 period using the Hydro‐NEXRAD system with radar reflectivity from the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler weather radar located in Greer, South Carolina. A dense network of 71 rain gages is used for estimating and correcting radar rainfall biases. Radar rainfall estimates with daily mean field bias (MFB) correction accurately capture the spatial and temporal structure of extreme rainfall, but bias correction at finer timescales can improve cold‐season and tropical cyclone rainfall estimates. Approximately 25 rain gages are sufficient to estimate daily MFB over an area of at least 2,500 km², suggesting that robust bias correction is feasible in many urban areas. Conditional (rain‐rate dependent) bias can be removed, but at the expense of other performance criteria such as mean square error. Hydro‐NEXRAD radar rainfall estimates are also compared with the coarser resolution (hourly, 16 km²) Stage IV operational rainfall product. Stage IV is adequate for flood water balance studies but is insufficient for applications such as urban flood modeling, in which the temporal and spatial scales of relevant hydrologic processes are short. We recommend the increased use of high‐resolution radar rainfall fields in urban hydrology.     

基于多普勒天气雷达数据的台风灾害评估系统

台风是影响我国的主要气象灾害之一,多普勒天气雷达是研究灾害性天气形成机理、结构特征的最重要手段。为进一步提高台风灾害评估的准确性和及时性,基于先进的多普勒天气雷达探测技术及时获取台风过程中的降水量、降水强度、最大风速作为动态因子,选取相对高度、坡度、经济易损性作为静态因子,利用可拓理论建立台风灾害评估模型,以ARCGIS作为开发平台,开发了台风灾害评估系统,实现了台风灾害评估的可视化和实时评估,为台风防灾减灾提供及时的决策服务。     

复合绝缘子用高温硫化硅橡胶老化图谱绘制方法

目的 研究高温硫化硅橡胶材料在户外不同环境因素作用下的老化规律与相应的老化图谱绘制方法。方法 通过静态接触角、邵氏硬度法测量硅橡胶老化前后的宏观特性,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面微观形貌变化,通过倒易法则、阿伦尼乌斯公式以及叠加法则构建紫外光和温度双因素老化模型,并结合人工与自然老化试验硬度测试结果,对比不同地点的加速因子,初步建立老化速率图谱绘制方法。结果 随着紫外老化以及热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的憎水性先增强、后逐渐变差,硅橡胶硬度以幂函数形式增加。SEM结果表明,硅橡胶表面发生降解。结合表面硬度特性可以较好地表征材料的老化状态,并用于老化图谱绘制,老化模型结果与自然试验结果一致。结论 硅橡胶老化图谱可以较好地预测各地不同环境下硅橡胶的老化状态,帮助电网制定运维策略,降低成本。     

毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪气象探测性能对比分析

为评估毫米波云雷达及激光云高仪的探测性能,选取广州市气象局KA波段毫米波云雷达和激光云高仪云高观测数据,通过对比两种测云设备在相同条件下的差异,分析不同要素对观测设备的影响,结果表明：(1)毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪同时探测到有云时,二者在云底高度观测上吻合程度较高,相关系数为0.98;(2)在数据获取率上,云雷达对高云的探测能力明显优于激光云高仪,但在对低云的探测能力上还有待提高,和激光云高仪相比,云雷达对低云和中云的识别能力有待提高;(3)对于多层云的观测,低层云的遮挡降低了激光云高仪对中高层云的观测,激光云高仪探测的中高层云多数在云雷达的回波内部.(4)对于不同强度的降水,日降水量越多,该天所测得的高、中云层回波就越少.(5)通过边界层高度与污染物的关系分析可以得出,边界层高度与PM2.5浓度呈反比.这些研究能够对毫米波云雷达和激光云高仪的探测能力进行评估,为后续选择设备提供参考,也推动了云观测技术的发展.     

Spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

The impact of a typical municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the surrounding soil was studied. Six stack gas samples were taken from the MSWI and 21 soil samples were collected from sampling sites between 300 and 1700 m from the MSWI stack. The total (∑PCB) concentrations of dioxin-like (dl) PCBs and indicator PCBs in the stack gas samples were between 3.41 and 34.3 ng/m3, and the corresponding toxic equivalents (TEQs) ranged from 4.45 to 66.9 pg WHO-TEQ/m3, with a mean of 28.6 pg WHO-TEQ/m3. A total of 2.43 g WHO-TEQ of PCBs per year was calculated to be released into the environment from MSWIs in China. The ∑PCB concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 28.0 to 264.4 pg/g, with mean and median values of 127.6 and 127.7 pg/g, respectively, while the TEQ values were between 0.020 and 0.18 pg WHO-TEQ/g, with mean and median values of 0.074 and 0.062 pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Comparing this study with other studies performed around the world suggest that PCB emission from incinerators has a critical influence on PCB concentrations in the surrounding soil. An exponential function equation is proposed, which indicates a clear decline in ∑PCB concentrations with increasing distance from the stack. A contour map created using an ordinary kriging interpolation technique showed that a limited area (1250 m radius) from the stack was clearly influenced by PCB emission from the MSWI.     

一次强降水过程TWP16风廓线雷达资料分析

利用TWP16风廓线雷达资料,对2019年8月10—15日"利奇马"台风在辽宁盘锦登陆引发的强降水天气过程进行诊断分析.结果表明,风廓线雷达资料从时间和空间上能准确清晰地对这次强降水的天气系统变化过程进行连续监测.对流层中下层径向速度大于9 m/s(极值为11.2 m/s)、SNR大于55 dB(极值为70 dB)、Cn2大于1.0×10–10、速度谱宽大于2.5 m/s是强降水发生发展阶段,整个大气层垂直风场运动与降水过程有着较好的对应关系.对流中下层垂直下沉速度数值越大,降水越强,SNR能够很好地揭示强降水发生、发展、结束时雷达接收到目标散射信号的强弱,Cn2最大值1.0×10–10出现的最大探测高度和持续时间与降水有密切的关系.降雨不同高度层内,速度谱宽与其降雨量存在着显著的线性关系,即降雨强度越强,速度谱宽数值越大,反之利用速度谱宽的变化趋势可以得到降水强的变化趋势.研究结果揭示了风廓线雷达水平风廓线、径向速度、SNR、速度谱宽与降雨强度之间的内在联系,为风廓线雷达应用在降雨天气监测提供了参考.     

龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及成因

龙子祠岩溶水是临汾市工农业生产和城市水源地.查明污染特征及成因,对合理开发利用岩溶地下水资源与泉域生态保护具有重要的意义.本研究以龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水系统为研究对象,通过样品采集与同位素分析,综合运用水化学(Durov图、离子比例、Gibbs图、硫同位素和氢氧同位素)方法分析地下水水化学特征.揭示了龙子祠泉水的水文地球化学特征和环境同位素特征.龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学场从深埋滞留区到补给区到径流、排泄区具有明显的分带性.龙子祠岩溶地下水主要为SO_4·HCO_3-Ca和SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg型水,SO_4~(2-)值为61.6～1 503 mg·L~(-1),均值为481.4 mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)超标比例为70.3%.其SO_4~(2-)主要来源于石膏的溶解和煤系地层FeS_2氧化,其中龙子祠泉水中SO_4~(2-)源于FeS_2氧化的比例为20.2%.依据氢氧、硫同位素得出70%的岩溶地下水不同程度的受到煤矿酸性水的污染.利用Phreeqc软件模拟得出:研究区水化学特征主要受白云石、岩盐和石膏的溶解作用与去白云石化作用.     

大气二氧化硫质控图的探讨

通过对全程序空白与已知浓度二氧化硫标准溶液的对照分析，提出了大气二氧化硫分析中质控图的做法。     

基于北斗高精度定位的工务现场作业全过程安全监测系统研究

为了保障在铁路快速发展的同时,确保铁路工务安全和行车安全,基于工务现场作业过程的控制,提出了利用北斗高精度差分定位、大数据等技术,研究建立针对现场每个作业个体的工务作业全过程安全监测系统。结果表明:通过对现场每名作业个体的高精度、智能化管理,有效规范了现场人员的作业行为,增强对现场安全风险和隐患的预判和规避能力,保障了铁路从业人员人身安全。     

浅析探地雷达在水污染事故应急监测中的应用

对于通过地下管道排放的污染物来源不明的污染事故的处理中,利用探地雷达可以准确地查出排污管道的走向,寻找到污染物来源,从而达到迅速处理污染事故的目的。