水射流卸压增透钻孔布置优化分

水射流割缝卸压增透时存在淹没射流和非淹没射流两种情况,导致煤体上下割缝半径不同,若仅根据一种半径进行钻孔布置,则易出现抽采空白带或增大工程量等问题。为此,提出基于淹没射流和非淹没射流不同破碎半径的钻孔布置新工艺。在分析两种射流速度场分布的基础上,理论计算了两种射流破碎半径,对比分析得出非淹没射流与淹没射流的破碎半径之比是1.48∶1。运用comsol数值模拟软件,建立数值模型,分析了两种射流并存情况下的瓦斯压力变化,并与不考虑淹没射流时抽放数据进行对比分析,结果表明,两种射流并存时抽采范围为不考虑淹没射流的86.5%。根据分析结果,提出应采用交叉割缝的方式,同一行中相邻两割缝终孔间距为7.5 m,相邻两行中,垂直间距相隔5.8 m,且两端割缝中心相错3.75 m的布孔方案,并用comsol进行验证,结果表明,交叉割缝布孔具有较好的抽放效果。     

天水大气降尘矿物与水作用产生羟基自由基研究

利用高效液相色谱法测定了甘肃天水市麦积镇降尘与水作用产生羟基自由基(·OH)的能力,并根据降尘中主要矿物的百分含量对降尘与水作用产生·OH进行理论和混合模拟.结果表明,天水降尘中的主要矿物组成为石英,方解石,钠长石,白云母.降尘及组成矿物成分与模拟降尘与水作用产生·OH能力大小顺序为:方解石(1.30×10^-10 mol)>理论模拟降尘(5.47×10^-11 mol)>降尘(5.34×10^-11 mol)>石英(2.90×10^-11 mol)>白云母(1.90×10^-11 mol)>钠长石(1.09×10^-11 mol)>混合模拟降尘(7.16×10^-12 mol).降尘中的矿物成分是降尘与水作用产生·OH的主要贡献者.降尘中矿物的组成和在水溶液中金属离子与有机物的溶出,降尘与水作用时的接触表面积,矿物组分之间水溶液中的相互作用,可能是导致降尘,混合模拟降尘,理论模拟降尘三者与水作用产生·OH量有所差异的原因.     

SMBR系统活性污泥性质对膜污染特征的影响

采用浸没式膜生物反应器(Submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR),在曝气量300 L·h-1、膜通量15 L·m-2·h-1、抽吸/间歇时间为8 min/2 min的工况下,在缺氧区采用不同搅拌强度运行,研究了活性污泥特性及其对滤饼层特征的影响.试验结果表明,搅拌强度对系统主要水质指标的去除没有明显的影响.但随着搅拌强度的突然增加,会导致活性污泥上清液胶体态物质升高,胞外聚合物由(28.94±9.61)mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)增加到(52.57±7.98)mg·g-1,膜污染速率增加2.13倍;滤饼层污染引起的跨膜压差(Trans-membrane pressure,TMP)占到总TMP的93.64%以上.     

一体式MBR工艺中不同膜组件结构形式对比试验研究

MBR工艺尽管可以获得较低悬浮物浓度的出水,但对氮、磷的去除却很难达到要求,因此MBR强化脱氮除磷组合工艺成为研究热点并得到应用。从现有的强化脱氮除磷组合工艺着手,并在此提出了研究方向,认为强化内源反硝化及膜污染控制是今后研究的重点。选用两种经过改进的中空纤维膜组件与典型的中空纤维膜组件一起进行对比实验研究,在相同的试验条件和试验用水下,改进后的膜组件,不但可以缓解膜通量的衰减,还可以使COD、总氮、总磷等达到很好的去除率,保证出水的良好状态。     

UV-vis光照下唑类抗菌药氟康唑的光化学反应类型

以唑类抗菌药氟康唑为模型化合物,考察了其在纯水中的光降解动力学和光化学反应类型,发现模拟日光(λ>290nm)照射下氟康唑未发生光解,在UV-vis(λ>200 nm)光照下,氟康唑发生了光降解并服从准一级反应动力学.采用活性氧物种猝灭实验和竞争动力学方法,研究发现氟康唑发生了直接光解和·OH参与的自敏化光解,氟康唑与.OH的反应速率常数为(5.95±0.58)×109L·(mol·s)-1,表层水体中相应的半减期为(32.41±3.16)h·通过鉴定光解产物,得知氟康唑发生了脱氟、光致水解、光氧化等光化学反应.     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in natural water

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment. ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants, therefore resulting in the changing of their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water system. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, exits widely in natural water. The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS (·OH, 1O2, HO2·/O2·-) which were produced on the excitation of ubiquitous constituents (such as nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes) in natural water under simulated solar radiation was investigated. Both molecular probe method and electron spin resonance (ESR) test were used for the determine the characterization of generated ROS. It was found that ·OH was photochemically produced with the presence of nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes and 1O2 was produced with the presence of humic substances. The steady-state concentrations of ·OH was 1.27×10-14 mol/L in nitrate ion, and the second-order rate constant of BPA with ·OH was 1.01×1010L/( mol·s).     

Phytotoxicity of four herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii

The physiological effects of 4 herbicides (butachlor, quinclorac, bensulfuron-methyl and atrazine) on 3 submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii) were tested in laboratory conditions. The variables of the relative growth rate and the photosynthetic pigments content showed that all of the tested herbicides affected the growth of the plants obviously. The abnormal growth of the plants was observed in most treatment groups, even at the lowest concentration (0.0001 mg/L). Except for the C. demersum treated with quinclorac at 0.005 and 0.01 mg/L, the relative growth rates of the plants were inhibited significantly (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis of Chl-a content was carried out with both the t-test and one-way ANOVA to determine the difference between the treatment groups and control. The results showed that Chl-a contents of the plants in all treatment groups were affected by herbicides significantly, except for the C. demersum treated with bensulfuron-methyl at 0.0005 mg/L. The decrease content in Chl-a was positively correlated to the dosage of the herbicides in most treatment groups. It was suggested that herbicides in water body might potentially affect the growth of aquatic macrophytes. Since the Chl-a content of submerged macrophytes responded to the stress of herbicides sensitively and directly, it could be used as biomaker in environmental monitoring or in the ecological risk assessment of herbicide contamination.     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species in natural water

Reactive oxygen species(ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment.ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants,therefore resulting in changes in their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water systems.Bisphenol A(BPA),an endocrine-disrupting chemical,exits widely in natural waters.The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS(.OH,1O2,HO2./O2·-),which were produced on the excitation of ubiquito...     

无机阴离子对CuO-H2O2氧化苯酚废水的影响

以苯酚为模型底物,研究了中性低温常压条件下无机阴离子对CuO-H₂O₂氧化苯酚废水的影响及机制.结果表明,CuO-H₂O₂能高效彻底氧化苯酚,10 min氧化率达94.7%,氧化遵循羟基自由基机制.无机阴离子对氧化效果有不同影响,浓度越高影响越显著.HCO^-₃加速H₂O₂的无效分解,当浓度从0增加到20 mmol·L^-1 时,H₂O₂分解速率常数由0.373 8 min^-1提高到0.534 7 min^-1,TOC去除速率常数由0.267 min^-1下降到0.019 4 min^-1.HPO^2-₄通过抑制H₂O₂分解实现对苯酚的氧化抑制,H₂O₂分解速率常数及TOC去除速率常数分别由0.373 8 min^-1、0.267 min^-1降低到0.033 8 min^-1、 0.033 8 min^-1.Cl^-能够促进H₂O₂有效分解,对苯酚氧化有利,H₂O₂分解速率常数及TOC去除速率常数分别由0.373 8 min^-1、0.267 min^-1提高到0.604 0 min^-1、0.387 9 min^-1.NO^-₃、SO^2-₄对H₂O₂的分解及苯酚的氧化影响不大.     

水体系中EDTA-Fe(Ⅱ)/Ｋ２Ｓ２Ｏ８降解敌草隆的研究

对水体系中EDTA-Fe(Ⅱ)/K2S2O8降解敌草隆的方法进行了研究.在综合考虑经济性和降解率的前提下,提出了反应的最佳条件:K2S2O8初始浓度为2.0 mmol·L-1, Fe(Ⅱ)初始浓度为1.0 mmol·L-1, EDTA初始浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1,反应时间为300 min, pH=7.0,最终0.1 mmol·L-1,敌草隆降解率可达67.6%.同时,采用分子探针竞争实验鉴定了体系中产生的硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基,并采用LC/MS法鉴定了敌草隆的主要降解产物,从而探讨了敌草隆在EDTA-Fe(Ⅱ)/K2S2O8体系中可能的降解途径.