辽西易旱区集雨灌溉山地大棚技术

通过雨水径流的集蓄储存可解决水源问题，发展山地蔬菜大棚。结果表明：一个70m^3的水窖集水在配以渗灌技术的条件下可以满足333m^2的大棚生育期用水需求，与传统畦灌相比节水53.4%，且效益可观，达20万元／hm^2，使干旱贫瘠的山地一跃成为发展高效农业的园田，为辽西易旱区坡地高效利用开辟了一条新途径。     

Effects of Land Use and Climate Change on Stream Temperature II: Threshold Exceedance Duration Projections for Freshwater Mussels

We developed a stochastic hourly stream temperature model (SHSTM) to estimate probability of exceeding given threshold temperature (T) for specified durations (24 and 96 h) to assess potential impacts on freshwater mussels in the upper Tar River, North Carolina. Simulated daily mean stream T from climate change (CC) and land‐use (LU) change simulations for 2021‐2030 and 2051‐2060 were used as input to the SHSTM. Stream T observations in 2010 revealed only two sites with T above 30°C for >24 h and Ts were never >31°C for more than 24 h at any site. The SHSTM suggests that the probability, P, that T will exceed 32°C for at least 96 h in a given year increased from P = 0, in the 20th Century, to P = 0.05 in 2021‐2030 and to P = 0.14 in 2051‐2060. The SHSTM indicated that CC had greater effects on P for 24 and 96 h durations than LU change. Increased P occurred primarily in higher order stream segments in the downstream reaches of the basin. The SHSTM indicated that hourly stream T responded to LU change on the daily scale and did not affect stream T for durations >24 h. The SHSTM indicated that known thermal thresholds for freshwater mussels could be exceeded within the next 50 years in many parts of the upper Tar River basin in North Carolina, which could have negative consequences on the recruitment of freshwater mussels.     

Multiscale Analysis of Hydrology in a Mountaintop Mine‐Impacted Watershed

In the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, mountaintop removal mining (MTM) is a dominant driver of land‐cover change, impacting 6.8% of the largely forested 4.86 million ha coal fields region. Recent catastrophic flooding and documented biological impairment downstream of MTM has drawn sharp criticism to this practice. Despite its extent, scale, and use since the 1970s, the impact of MTM on hydrology is poorly understood. Therefore, the goal of this study was a multiscale evaluation to establish the nature of hydrologic impacts associated with MTM. To quantify the extent of MTM, land‐cover change over the lifetime of this practice is estimated for a mesoscale watershed in southern West Virginia. To assess hydrologic impacts, we conducted long‐term trend analyses to evaluate for systematic changes in hydrology at the mesoscale, and conducted hydrometric and response time modeling to characterize storm‐scale responses of a MTM‐impacted headwater catchment. Results show a general trend in the conversion of forests to mines, and significant decreases in maximum streamflow and variability, and increases in base‐flow ratio attributed to valley fills and deep mine drainage. Decreases in variability are shown across spatial and temporal scales having important implications for water quantity and quality. However, considerable research is necessary to understand how MTM impacts hydrology. In an effort to inform future research, we identify existing knowledge gaps and limitations of our study.     

MONTHLY RUNOFF PREDICTIONS BASED ON RAINFALL FORECASTS IN A SMALL OKLAHOMA WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Conditions under which monthly rainfall forecasts translate into monthly runoff predictions that could support water resources planning and management activities were investigated on a small watershed in central Oklahoma. Runoff response to rainfall forecasts was simulated using the hydrologic model SWAT. Eighteen scenarios were examined that represented combinations of wet, average, and dry antecedent rainfall conditions, with wet, normal, and dry forecasted rainfall. Results suggest that for the climatic and physiographic conditions under consideration, rainfall forecasts could offer potential application opportunities in surface water resources but only under certain conditions. Pronounced wet and dry antecedent rainfall conditions were shown to have greater impact on runoff than forecasts, particularly in the first month of a forecast period. Large forecast impacts on runoff occurred under wet antecedent conditions, when the fraction of forecasted rainfall contributing to runoff was greatest. Under dry antecedent conditions, most of the forecasted rainfall was absorbed in the soil profile, with little immediate runoff response. Persistent three‐month forecasts produced stronger impacts on runoff than one‐month forecasts due to cumulative effects in the hydrologic system. Runoff response to antecedent conditions and forecasts suggest a highly asymmetric utility function for rainfall forecasts, with greatest decision‐support potential for persistent wet forecasts under wet antecedent conditions when the forecast signal is least dampened by soil‐storage effects. Under average and dry antecedent conditions, rainfall forecasts showed little potential value for practical applications in surface water resources assessments.     

透水混凝土路面对径流水量削减试验

透水混凝土路面作为低影响开发技术之一,对雨洪的管理与控制具有重要作用。对透水混凝土路面对径流的控制作用进行试验,结果表明:基于设计路面和北京降雨参数,降雨历时分别为30,60,120 min时,透水混凝土路面对径流总量的削减率分别达到60%、55%和40%以上,对洪峰流量的削减率分别达到65%、63%和40%以上;降雨重现期从1年增到100年,产流延迟时间从13 min降至5 min。试验表明,透水混凝土路面的雨量径流系数在0.18~0.54,远小于普通混凝土路面的雨量径流系数0.91。结果表明,透水混凝土路面对延迟产流时间、削减径流水量、削减洪峰流量以及降低径流系数具有很好的作用,可以为该低影响开发技术在国内的应用设计提供参考。     

降雨入渗下残坡积土边坡的稳定性模拟研究

针对杭兰高速公路受降雨影响显著的非饱和残坡积土边坡,考虑降雨入渗的影响,通过对非饱和土水力特征参数的试验研究,用精度较高的Van Genuchten公式拟合土-水特征曲线,得出了非饱和渗透函数的特征参数;在此基础上,将饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流分析与有限元强度折减法相结合,进行了降雨入渗渗流场与应力场的耦合分析,模拟雨水入渗引起的暂态渗流场,并将计算所得到的暂态孔隙水压力用于考虑基质吸力影响的边坡稳定系数的计算;最后根据研究区的降雨气象资料,探讨了降雨强度、降雨持时对残坡积土边坡渗流场分布、发展和稳定性的影响。该研究可为滑坡地质灾害的预防提供依据。     

基于弹塑性损伤-渗流耦合模型的隧道洞口段围岩稳定性研究

为分析复杂条件下隧道洞口段稳定性问题,建立基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的岩石弹塑性损伤-渗流耦合模型,利用完全隐式的向后欧拉算法编制弹塑性损伤模型的应力积分程序。在此基础上,利用ABAQUS平台的子程序接口实现耦合模型的有限元计算。将该模型应用于福建某洞口段隧道工程的围岩稳定性评价中,分析不同降雨强度下洞口段结构的安全系数、位移及损伤值的变化规律。结果表明:隧道洞口段结构的安全系数、损伤区和位移均会随着降雨进程的发展发生变化,雨季应加强监测频率。     

Radiological assessment of surface water quality around proposed uranium mining site in India

The gross alpha and gross beta activities were estimated for radiological assessment of surface water quality around the proposed uranium mining site Kylleng Pyndengsohiong Mawthabah (Domiasiat), West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya situated in a high rainfall area (12,000 mm) in India. 189 Surface water samples were collected over different seasons of the year from nine different locations covering around 100 km². Gross beta activities were found to vary from 144 to 361 mBq/L which is much below the prescribed WHO limit of 1000 mBq/L for drinking water. Gross alpha activities varied from 61 to 127 mBq/L. These values are much below the reported gross alpha values by other countries. In about 7% of the samples the alpha activities remain exceeded the WHO guideline limit of 100 mBq/L. Surface water samples collected during the summer season of the year show higher activity whereas low activity was found from samples collected during monsoon season. Results show that all water sources are acceptable as drinking water for human consumption from the radiological point of view, the higher gross alpha concentrations in a few locations remains so only for short duration during the summer season.     

板桥河小流域降雨事件中地表水磷浓度的变化特征

为定量揭示降雨对地表水中磷浓度和形态的影响,于2020年6—8月对巢湖入湖河流南淝河的支流板桥河进行了人工加密监测.共监测了4场降雨,采集了409个河道水样并测定了总磷（TP）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、颗粒态磷（PP）、溶解性反应活性磷（DRP）等指标,分析了降雨事件中磷浓度和形态的时空变化规律,以及降雨特征参数和土地利用方式对磷浓度的影响.分析结果显示：降雨过程中各形态磷的浓度均会显著上升,表明河道中磷的浓度变化与降雨过程密切相关.降雨结束12 h后,各形态磷的浓度会恢复到降雨前的水平.在空间上,河道流经城镇区后磷的浓度会显著高于流经农业区.此外,在无降雨时段和降雨频繁的时段,河道中各点位的磷主要以溶解态为主,只有在前期干燥天数较长的情况下,颗粒态磷的比例才会显著上升.监测结果表明,在汛期要结合降雨特征参数和城镇区、农村区不同的污染特征来进行精细化管理,将河道中溶解态磷的去除纳入到管控方案中,同时要重视河道两岸城镇区的面源污染削减.     

基于冗余分析的城市河湖水污染成因及尺度效应

以武汉中心城区的东沙湖流域为研究对象,以7项下垫面及3项降雨因子为影响因子,以18项河湖水环境因子为响应变量,基于冗余分析研究多尺度下两者之间的关系.结果表明：在所研究的10项影响因子中,硬质铺装面积率和河网水面率是东沙湖流域城市河湖水环境的主要影响因子,贡献率达0.703和0.652,城市道路面积率则是3000m及以外缓冲区尺度下的主要影响因子,贡献率达0.796,降雨的空间分布不是主要影响因子,贡献率低于0.371;影响因子对水环境影响的尺度效应与排水管网的有无和水文汇水单元尺度的大小密切相关;东沙湖流域的河湖水污染可归因于以硬质铺装为代表的不透水面上的面源污染和经由排水管网运移排放的点源污染,河网水面率则是改善水环境的关键因素.