北京夏季高温高湿和降水过程对大气颗粒物谱分布的影响

2004-07-13～2004-08-23使用TDMPS-APS系统在线测量颗粒物的数浓度谱分布,并于07-16～07-18选取了高温闷热夜晚、日间高温高湿和雨后晴朗干洁3种天气条件,使用多级串联撞击式采样器(MOUDI)测量颗粒物的质量浓度谱分布,结果表明,高温高湿天气条件下颗粒物的污染、尤其细粒子污染严重,导致很低的能见度(2.5km);PM_1.8和PM₁₀的质量浓度分别为170.68μg/m³和249.35μg/m³,细粒子质量浓度占PM10的68%;粒径为50～100nm颗粒物的数浓度最高,为2×10⁴～3×10⁴个/cm³;降雨过程对粗粒子和细粒子均有去除作用,对细粒子的去除作用尤为明显;降雨后PM₁₀和PM_1.8浓度分别比降雨前降低3倍和6倍;降雨过后的晴朗干洁天气有利于新粒子(3～20nm)的生成,生成的新粒子快速长大到50～100nm;随着污染物的累积,以后几天内又变为污染天气.     

RAINFALL ADDITAMENTS TO SUBSURFACE WATER IN A YOUNG PINE PLANTATION1

ABSTRACT: Effective rainfall is virtually equal to throughfall under most forest canopies. Average throughfall (as measured in trough gauges for a series of rainfall events) increased systematically with distance from tree stems in a young pine plantation. Empirical data suggest that the increase is proportional to the fourth root of distance, but any physical meaning of the relationship is obscure.     

APPLICATION OF PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR CALIBRATING TANK MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Many automatic calibration processes have been proposed to efficiently calibrate the 16 parameters involved in the four‐layered tank model. The Multistart Powell and Stuffed Complex Evolution (SCE) methods are considered the best two procedures. Two rainfall events were designed to compare the performance and efficiency of these two methods. The first rainfall event is short term and the second designed for long term rainfall data collection. Both rainfall events include a lengthy no‐rainfall period. Two sets of upper and lower values for the search range were selected for the numerical tests. The results show that the Multistart Powell and SCE methods are able to obtain the true values for the 16 parameters with a sufficiently long no‐rainfall period after a rainfall event. In addition, by using two selected objective functions, one based on root mean square error and one based on root mean square relative error criteria, it is found that the no‐rainfall period lengths necessary to obtain the converged true values for the 16 parameters are roughly the same. The SCE method provides a more efficient search based on an appropriate preliminary search range. The Multistart Powell method, on the other hand, leads to more accurate search results when there is no suitable search range selected based on the parameter calibration experience.     

IMPROVED RAINFALL/RUNOFF ESTIMATES USING REMOTELY SENSED SOIL MOISTURE1

ABSTRACT: Remotely sensed soil moisture data measured during the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) experiment in Oklahoma were used to characterize antecedent soil moisture conditions for the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method. The precipitation‐adjusted curve number and the soil moisture were strongly related (r²= 0.70). Remotely sensed soil moisture fields were used to adjust the curve numbers and the runoff estimates for five watersheds, in the Little Washita watershed; the results ranged from 2.8 km² to 601.6 km². The soil moisture data were applied at two spatial scales, a finer one (800 m) measuring spatial resolution and a coarser one (28 km). The root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) of the runoff estimated by the standard SCS method was reduced by nearly 50 percent when the 800 m soil moisture data were used to adjust the curve number. The coarser scale soil moisture data also significantly reduced the error in the runoff predictions with 41 percent and 28 percent reductions in MAE and RMSE, respectively. The results suggest that remote sensing of soil moisture, when combined with the SCS method, can improve rainfall runoff predictions at a range of spatial scales.     

辽西易旱区集雨灌溉山地大棚技术

通过雨水径流的集蓄储存可解决水源问题，发展山地蔬菜大棚。结果表明：一个70m^3的水窖集水在配以渗灌技术的条件下可以满足333m^2的大棚生育期用水需求，与传统畦灌相比节水53.4%，且效益可观，达20万元／hm^2，使干旱贫瘠的山地一跃成为发展高效农业的园田，为辽西易旱区坡地高效利用开辟了一条新途径。     

MODELING INFILTRATION WITH VARYING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTWITY UNDER SIMULATED RAINFALL CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: Physically-based models are extensively used to simulate the infiltration process under varied field conditions. Most models are based on the deterministic nature of input parameters related to the flow process (such as hydraulic conductivity). These models yield poor predictions of infiltration rates because they do not include the field-scale variations of flow parameters. The paper presents an approach for integrating the field-scale variability of hydraulic conductivity with an infiltration model to simulate infiltration under the rainfall conditions. A model describing the spatial structure of hydraulic conductivity has been developed using stochastic techniques. The stochastic structure of hydraulic conductivity was then incorporated in the Green-Ampt and Mein-Larson infiltration model. The model outputs on the instantaneous infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration were evaluated using the field infiltration data measured under simulated rainfall conditions. The results show that the combined model is capable of rep. resenting the instantaneous infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration of the study soils. The model may, therefore, be used to simulate the rainfall infiltration process for spatially-variable soils under the field conditions.     

MODIFIED SMEMAX TRANSFORMATION FOR FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: SMEMAX is a transformation technique suggested by Bethalmy to transform random hydrological series to a near normal series. This paper puts forward an alternative simpler form of the SMEMAX transformation. The modified SMEMAX transformation avoids use of trigonometric functions and the transformed variables range from 0 to 100.     

基于弹塑性损伤-渗流耦合模型的隧道洞口段围岩稳定性研究

为分析复杂条件下隧道洞口段稳定性问题,建立基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的岩石弹塑性损伤-渗流耦合模型,利用完全隐式的向后欧拉算法编制弹塑性损伤模型的应力积分程序。在此基础上,利用ABAQUS平台的子程序接口实现耦合模型的有限元计算。将该模型应用于福建某洞口段隧道工程的围岩稳定性评价中,分析不同降雨强度下洞口段结构的安全系数、位移及损伤值的变化规律。结果表明:隧道洞口段结构的安全系数、损伤区和位移均会随着降雨进程的发展发生变化,雨季应加强监测频率。     

水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响

水热条件、土壤性质和耕作管理影响了土壤的硝化作用从而影响农田氮素循环和平衡.本试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤：中温带黑龙江海伦的黑土、暖温带河南封丘的潮土和中亚热带江西鹰潭的红壤,在上述3个地点的生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,对比研究不同水热条件和土壤类型对玉米单作系统中土壤硝化作用的交互影响.2006～2007年的试验结果表明,在玉米抽雄期,从海伦到鹰潭（月均温由22.3℃上升到26.8℃,月降水由100.8 mm增加到199.6 mm）,3种土壤的硝化作用强度均随着月均温和月降水的增加而下降,黑土、潮土和红壤分别下降了64.2％～67.2%、 52.1%～52.5%和41.7%～75.2%,土壤的硝化作用强度与气温（r＝－0.354,p<0.01）和降水（r＝－0.290,p<0.01）均呈极显著负相关.土壤类型也显著影响了土壤硝化细菌的数量和硝化强度,硝化细菌数和硝化强度的大小顺序为：潮土> 黑土> 红壤.土壤pH对土壤硝化强度有显著影响,其相关系数r=0.551（p<0.01）.总体上,在玉米抽雄期,区域水热状况及土壤类型、施肥均影响了土壤的硝化强度,水热×土壤类型、水热×施肥、土壤类型×施肥、水热×土壤类型×施肥等对硝化强度有着极显著的交互作用.