以公交车为平台的应急医疗救援车辆快速改装研究

针对社会公共突发事件造成的创伤特点，以现有灾害和恐怖活动快速医学救援为侧重点，提出临时快速改装以公交车辆为平台的系列现场伤员救治与抢运装备的设想，并详细分析了建立公交车机动医院的必要性和可行性。公交车机动医院的实施将对未来我国处理公共突发事件提供新的应对措施。     

大气中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率的波动机制

基于广西防城港市、福建福清市和宁德市的3个滨海核电厂周边γ辐射空气吸收剂量率长时间高频率的连续观测数据,从不同时间尺度进行系统解析.研究发现,在年际尺度上,2014～2020年间宁德嵛山岛站位γ辐射空气吸收剂量率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,与太阳活动的先减弱后增强存在一定的反相位关联;在季节尺度上,2019年度3个站位的观...     

基于31个省份事件史分析的河长制创新与扩散的影响因素

利用事件史分析（EHA）模型对河长制政策2010～2016年在省级层面的扩散进行实证研究,结果表明：水污染越是严重的地区,越倾向于采纳河长制,平均而言,人均水污染排放量每增加一个单位,一个省份河长制政策得到采纳的优势会增加30.2%;财政自给率在水污染严重程度与河长制采纳之间具有负向调节效应,即面临严重的环境污染,财政自给率高的省份不太倾向于采纳河长制,而财政自给率低的省份则更加倾向于采纳河长制;河长制政策采纳具有明显的政治周期性,在党代会召开的当年,省政府更加倾向于采纳河长制;邻近省份的政策采纳并不会对河长制的横向扩散产生显著影响.     

航空电子设备大气辐射环境的危害影响分析

目的调查航空电子设备在典型民用飞行高度(8 000～12 000 m)下大气辐射环境的危害影响。方法利用14 MeV高能中子源对航空电子设备用CPU、DSP、FPGA及存储器开展了辐照试验,获取了各试件的单粒子效应敏感特性,采用民航高度下大气中子注量率的典型值6000n/(cm~2·s),预计典型航空电子设备在巡航高度下可能发生的软错误率。结果约900h内,该航空电子设备会由于大气辐射单粒子效应诱发一次错误。结论在不采取针对性防护措施的前提下,大气中子诱发的单粒子效应将严重影响航空电子设备可靠性、维修性,甚至危及飞行安全。     

滇池流域宝象河暴雨径流初始冲刷效应

为了有效理解滇池非点源入湖过程,选择滇池流域宝象河开展暴雨径流初始冲刷效应的初步研究.2009年雨季,在其干流沿程上、中、下游设置3个断面进行了初期3场暴雨及河道水量、水质同步观测,并提出降雨净冲刷量、负荷净冲刷量以及净冲刷径流平均浓度EMCn的定义与计算方法.结果表明,宝象河TSS、TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数的EMCn、累积曲线M(V)随着河道沿程不透水地面比例和人口规模的增加而提高,TSS、TP负荷贡献率及其M(V)与降雨强度的变化趋势一致,而TN和高锰酸盐指数负荷贡献率则与降雨量表现正相关,其中TN中NO3--N所占比例随着降雨事件次数增加而逐渐降低;此外,提出的EMCn也被证实能有效消除各点位的基流及其负荷影响,相对冲刷径流平均浓度,更为真实反映且能放大沿程断面间、不同降雨事件间的暴雨初始冲刷效应的差异.     

基于人差错纠正能力的人因可靠性模型研究

根据人-机系统中人的操作行为具有时序性和差错可纠正性的特点,结合船舶舱室行为形成主因子,开展船舶舱室人因可靠性研究。以人因失误的时序性和差错纠正参数为基础,建立人-机系统中操作者行为模式和人因失误事件树模型。通过对人的差错纠正能力的分析,开展人因可靠性量化模型纠正理论研究。最后,以船舶舱室操作台的监控任务人因可靠性为例进行量化计算,定量评估操作人员执行任务的可靠度。     

Impacts of Climate Change on Extreme Precipitation Events Over Flamingo Tropicana Watershed1

Abstract: Climate change, particularly the projected changes to precipitation patterns, is likely to affect runoff both regionally and temporally. Extreme rainfall events are expected to become more intense in the future in arid urban areas and this will likely lead to higher streamflow. Through hydrological modeling, this article simulates an urban basin response to the most intense storm under anthropogenic climate change conditions. This study performs an event‐based simulation for shorter duration storms in the Flamingo Tropicana (FT) watershed in Las Vegas, Nevada. An extreme storm, defined as a 100‐year return period storm, is selected from historical records and perturbed to future climatic conditions with respect to multimodel multiscenario (A1B, A2, B1) bias corrected and spatially disaggregated data from the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) database. The cumulative annual precipitation for each 30‐year period shows a continuous decrease from 2011 to 2099; however, the summer convective storms, which are considered as extreme storms for the study area, are expected to be more intense in future. Extreme storm events show larger changes in streamflow under different climate scenarios and time periods. The simulated peak streamflow and total runoff volume shows an increase from 40% to more than 150% (during 2041‐2099) for different climate scenarios. This type of analysis can help evaluate the vulnerability of existing flood control system and flood control policies.     

Modeling Nutrient Export From Coastal California Watersheds

Nitrate and phosphate export coefficient models were developed for coastal watersheds along the Santa Barbara Channel in central California. One approach was based on measurements of nutrient fluxes in streams from specific land use classes and included a watershed response function that scaled export up or down depending on antecedent moisture conditions. The second approach for nutrient export coefficient modeling used anthropogenic nutrient loading for land use classes and atmospheric nutrient deposition to model export. In an application of the first approach to one watershed, the nitrate and phosphate models were within 20% of measured values for most storms. When applied to another year, both nitrate and phosphate models generally performed adequately with annual, storm‐flow, and base‐flow values within 20% of measured nutrient loadings. Less satisfactory results were found when applied to neighboring watersheds with difference percentages of land use and hydrologic conditions. Application of the second approach was less successful than the first approach.     

提高地震台网近震速报精度的一个方法——和达法

本文对和达曲线法鉴别近震直达P波和直达S波的原理进行了详细的讨论,得出确定和达曲线参数的基本公式及用来表示S-P到时差与P到时线性相关程度的相关系数r的计算方法.讨论了利用和达曲线在台网定位中的应用方法.最后研制了利用和达曲线提高震相识别精度的应用程序,并以实例说明该程序的用法.     

跨区域突发事件应急协调机制实现途径探究

突发事件日益呈现出跨区域的特点,研究省内跨区域突发事件应急合作机制已经势在必行。在合作机制中协调性是应对跨区域突发事件的关键因素之一。本文以广东省为例,在分析跨区域突发事件应急机制的基础上,从组织机构、法律规章、跨区域应急文化、资源保障及技术支撑5个方面探讨跨区域应急协调机制的实现途径。