三种不同屋面雨水径流重金属污染特性及影响因素分析

对南京市3种不同类型屋面的雨水径流中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属进行14场次降雨事件的现场取样监测,分析了重金属污染的出流规律,并用统计分析方法对屋面径流重金属含量及其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,屋面径流4种重金属事件平均浓度(EMC值)具有较好的正态分布性,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的EMC中值浓度分别为19.4...     

危机事件影响下环境政策变迁的过程、模式及机制研究

全球化和高速发展的城市化使得人类与生态之间的矛盾愈加严重,环境危机事件发生的频率不断上升,如何应对危机成为当今社会公共管理的主要议题。本文从环境危机事件的内涵与制度学诱因出发,通过梳理国内外相关理论和实证研究,对危机影响下环境政策变迁的过程、模式以及机制进行评述。研究表明,制度供求不匹配所带来的制度非均衡是导致环境危机出现的根本原因之一;环境危机事件有利于打破原有环境政策渐进性过程的路径依赖性,通过改变政府、公众、企业及其他利益相关体的机会格局与资源条件从而为主要政策变迁提供可能性。因此,危机事件影响下的环境政策变迁过程是自上而下和自下而上两种政策途径综合作用的结果。中国正处于“非稳定状态”的环境危机多发阶段,需要借鉴国外理论模型进行本土化研究。加强多学科之间的融合和有关理论的实际应用,为具有不同经济制度发展水平的地区制定区域可持续发展政策提供决策支持。     

澳门城市路面地表径流特征分析

对澳门半岛孙逸仙大马路两场降雨时段的地表径流进行采样监测,项目包括浊度、COD_Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu.结果表明,初期径流水质中浊度和COD_Cr极高,但随着降雨冲刷强度的增大,SS和Pb的监测浓度增加.路面径流水质参数随降雨径流历时变化的过程曲线,很大程度上取决于降雨特征、路面车流量和路面垃圾清扫状况.2场降雨路面径流初始冲刷现象定量分析结果正好相反,反映了路面径流特征的不确定性和复杂性,因此,需对路面径流冲刷、累积过程的影响因素进行综合考虑.     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

芦溪流域非点源污染物流失的一般规律

以芦溪小流域为研究对象,监测在自然降雨条件下,不同土地利用类型小区、流域出口的污染物流失情况,研究一次降雨径流过程中非点源污染物流失的一般规律,以及不同前期降雨条件下的污染物流失特征.研究表明:随着前期降雨量的增大,SS的流失明显降低,当试验前5天总降雨量为15、115、161mm时,流域出口的SS流失浓度分别为265.6、145.8和124.2mg/L;流域出口的营养物质与COD受前期降雨条件的影响相对较小,波动幅度不大于±15%.小区试验的结果表明:污染物流失浓度的一般规律为:旱地>居民点>草地>林地>水田.植被覆盖可有效地减少泥沙流失,当植被盖度从50%上升到90%时,泥沙流失浓度可减少80%.土壤背景值是决定TN流失浓度的关键因子,旱地、草地、林地的TN流失浓度与土壤背景值的比值为2.75%、2.79%和2.42%.NO₃^--N与NH₄⁺-N的流失浓度随植被盖度的增大而增大.     

1960-2016年中国北方地区极端干湿事件演变特征

基于中国北方地区424个气象站点1960-2016年的日气象数据础,应用FAO Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散（ET₀）,基于降水量和潜在蒸散计算湿润指数,对湿润指数进行标准化后统计极端干湿事件频率,分析极端干湿事件频率的空间变化趋势、多时间尺度演变特征以及ENSO事件对极端干湿事件变化趋势的影响。结果表明：北方极端干旱和极端湿润事件频率分别呈显著下降和显著上升趋势,年际倾向率分别为-0.10次/10年和0.13次/10年。空间上,极端干旱频率整体呈减少趋势,包括青藏高原、西北和东北地区。西北极端干旱频率减少速率较大,青藏高原中部、新疆北部和东北北部部分站点极端湿润频率增加幅度较大。各年代中,华北极端干旱多发,东北和青藏高原极端湿润多发。季节上,分区极端干旱发生概率均大于极端湿润发生概率,华北极端干旱发生概率最高,青藏高原极端湿润发生概率最高。ENSO与湿润指数存在滞后性的关系。El Niño翌年,气候偏湿润的年份较多;La Nina翌年,气候偏干旱的年份较多。SSTA与翌年湿润指数在年际和夏季两个时间尺度上存在显著的正相关关系。     

液氯泄漏事件的环境安全防护距离与监测布点方法

以大气湍流扩散模型为基础,结合大气环境基本资料和氯气的性质,提出了氯气泄漏突发事件的应急防护范围,为发生类似事件时的人群撤离范围和布点监测、监控范围,提出了一种思路,供大家参考.     

江苏响水爆炸事件环境应急监测工作几点思考

2019年3月21日,盐城市响水县陈家港化工园区的江苏天嘉宜化工有限公司发生爆炸事故,江苏省环境监测力量于事故发生后第一时间奔赴现场开展应急监测.通过收集和整理事故发生后环境应急监测工作的详细开展过程、事故现场污染物浓度变化数据,评估了事故应急处置期间污染物对周边环境的影响情况;通过对应急监测的工作措施进行简要分析,总...     

Risk analysis in Natech events: State of the art

Natech events (Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disasters) are industrial accidents caused by natural events such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. In recent decades, the probability of these events occurring has increased, activating the interest of researchers in the study of new methods of risk analysis to prevent and mitigate possible damage to people, the environment, and processing facilities. On the other hand, the concept of multi-hazard is summarized in the combination of two or more threat factors manifested in isolated, simultaneous manner, or by chain reaction, to produce a trigger event of a disaster, where hazardous events can be one or more natural events. Considering that, it is essential to know the progress in risk analysis for Natech events, to identify the gaps for future research. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic review of the Natech events literature with single and multi-hazard approaches was developed. The review was conducted by searching the Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for scientific documents. Subsequently, the words Natech and Multi-hazard were taken as keywords, and 208 results were obtained. Then, some management documents were consulted in international organizations to compare academic literature and industrial risk management. In conclusion, the risk analysis methods revised are specific to a particular hazard and apply mainly to earthquakes, floods, and lightning. Regarding a multi-hazard approach, the methods focus on risk mitigation in urban areas without taking into account Natech risk. In the case of industrial risk assessment, some methodologies were found that briefly consider Natech risk in risk assessment processes in industry.     

Lessons learnt from a crisis event: How to foster a sound safety culture

Recent events in the nuclear industry have blamed a declining safety culture both on the utility and regulatory side as the major responsible. Confidence in the nuclear industry can be dramatically affected by such events. In this context, the present paper analyses a recent crisis event that involved a research reactor. It shows the time history of the event and how its escalation brought to a temporary shut down of the reactor. In-depth analysis of the event pointed out safety culture deficiencies within the organization. The paper presents the key elements in the ensuing organizational change process and describes the different phases (short and long term approaches), players and measures involved in the process that the organisation set up to address deficiencies and improve safety culture. The case represents an interesting example from which important lessons can be learnt. In particular, staff motivation in terms of involvement in improvement activities is considered central in managing safety.