Association of retreating monsoon and extreme air pollution in a megacity

The world's top ranked mega city Delhi is known for deteriorated air quality. However, the analysis of air pollution data of 5 years (2014–2018) reveals that years 2016 and 2017, which were marked by an unusual delayed withdrawal of monsoon, witnessed an unprecedented extreme levels of toxic PM_2.5 particles (≤2.5 µm in diameter) touching a peak level of $～$760 µg/m³ (24 hr average), immediately after the monsoon retreat, surpassing WHO standards by $～$30 time and Indian national standards by $～$12 times, jeopardising lives of its citizens. However, the normal monsoon withdrawal years do not show such extreme levels of pollution. The high resolution WRF-Chem model along with meteorological data are used in this work to understand that how the delayed monsoon withdrawal and associated vagarious anti-cyclonic circulation resulted in trapping externally generated pollutants ceaselessly under colder conditions, leading to historic air quality crisis in landlocked mega city in these selected years. The sensitivity analysis confirmed that when WRF-chem model forced the climatology of normal monsoon year (2015) to simulate the pollution scenario of 2016 and 2017 for the above time period, the crisis subsided. Present findings suggest that such unusual monsoon patterns are on the hook to spur extreme pollution events in recent time.     

近50 a甘肃省气象干旱时空变化分析

气象干旱是影响人类社会最严重的气象灾害之一,且对中纬度干旱半干旱地区的危害更为显著。为探究气候变化背景下我国甘肃地区干旱事件的时空分布,首先根据甘肃1969—2018年月值气象资料计算标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,通过游程理论提取干旱事件。随后采用REOF旋转正交分解将研究区划分成5个气候子区,并以每个子区为单位,基于B-G分割算法细致对比各子区不同时间尺度干旱事件的变化特征和演变趋势。最后,采用相关性分析探究各子区干旱事件的驱动因素。主要结论有：（1）研究区干旱累积历时呈微弱增加趋势（0.475 d·(10a)⁻¹）并存在19 a的主周期,干旱强度呈先缓和再加剧趋势,尤其是2000年后干旱加剧显著,并呈现出西北部干旱减轻、东南部干旱加剧的空间变化趋势。（2）REOF分解的前五个模态累积贡献率为53.06%,主要的空间分布模态为：全区一致型模态和南北反向分异模态。将研究区分为5个干旱子区：河西地区、河东中部地区、河东东部地区、乌鞘岭地区和河东西部地区。（3）河西地区自1988年以来气象干旱显著缓和（P＜0.01）;河东东、中、西部地区存在不同程度的干旱加剧趋势（0.120·(10a)⁻¹、0.129·(10a)⁻¹、0.072·(10a)⁻¹,P＞0.05）;乌鞘岭地区在1975年以后气象干旱显著缓和（P＜0.01）,形成了干旱缓和与加剧变化的分水岭区域。（4）季节上,河西地区仅夏季呈缓和趋势;河东东部地区春季呈显著干旱化趋势,而秋季相反;河东西部地区春夏两季气候干旱化趋势明显而秋冬两季相反;河东中部地区和乌鞘岭地区季节变化呈明显一致性,前者四季均呈干旱化趋势,且春季干旱化最剧烈,后者四季均呈缓和趋势,且冬季最明显。（5）研究区气象干旱受当地气候因子和环流因子因素的共同影响,河西地区和河东西部地区对气温的响应明显而河东中、东部地区则对降水量的响应明显;乌鞘岭地区对日照时数的响应明显;NAO指数对研究区夏季气象干旱存在重要影响而ENSO事件（厄尔尼诺-南方涛动）对研究区春秋两季（尤其是春季）气象干旱存在重要影响。     

延庆地区山谷风对PM2.5浓度的影响

基于2015~2019年北京生态环境监测和气象数据, 分析了延庆地区山谷风对PM_2.5浓度的影响, 揭示了含山谷风环流污染过程(事件1)与未有山谷风污染过程(事件2)初始阶段的异同及其气象影响机制.结果表明, 延庆持续性污染过程集中在9月~次年3月, 共计63次, 其中27次(43%)伴随1d或多天的山谷风日, 39d山谷风中有32d(82%)出现在污染过程的初始阶段, 18%出现在峰值阶段; 36次过程未出现山谷风日.山谷风日逐时PM_2.5浓度大于非山谷风日4.5~15.4μg/m³, 全日差值最大时段为谷风阶段(15:00~19:00)均大于13μg/m³, 山谷风日存在SSE-ESE风频中心0.59%, 15:00~16:00风速3.3m/s左右, 非山谷风日风频中心在WSW-SW和SE-ESE, 最大值为0.41%, 风速较山谷风日小.事件1和2初始阶段PM_2.5浓度变化关键期为15:00~19:00, 事件1风向E-SSE风速2~4m/s, PM_2.5增长速率大于事件2, 与露点变化趋势基本一致, 23:00事件1PM_2.5浓度显著高于事件2 20μg/m³左右, 污染过程发展初期出现的山谷风环流谷风阶段的偏东南风形成气溶胶和绝对水汽的区域传输, 对PM_2.5浓度的升高有正贡献.平原空气污染过程(延庆未出现)特殊污染型占比20%, 该类污染型白天风频中心分布分散, NNW-WNW、SW-SSW和ENE-NNE均有0.7%左右的风频中心, 未出现S-ESE的风频.     

系统论思想与大型体育赛事应急管理体系构建

为解决当前我国大型体育赛事应急管理中存在的问题,完善赛事应急管理体系,提升赛事应急管理能力,以系统论思想为指导,提出了构建“综合协调”型赛事应急管理组织结构模式,“五位一体”的赛事应急管理机制的思路。采用加强应急管理体系内外部物质、信息交流,法制建设与思想行为培养相结合的方法,维持应急管理系统的稳定性,从而实现大型体育赛事应急管理的科学化。     

A national and local media perspective on responsibility for and solutions to storm-related power outages in the northeastern United States

Major storms in the northeastern United States in 2011 and 2012 caused widespread power outages, bringing attention to the vulnerability of utility infrastructure as a result of extreme weather and environmental change. Media coverage of such focusing events provides context for and can affect government and public response. Our objective was to analyze gatekeeping, agenda setting, and framing in the New York Times (NYT) and local newspapers covering power outages related to large storm events in 2011 and 2012 (Tropical Storm Irene, October snowstorm, Hurricane Sandy). Government and utility officials focused on structural solutions to mitigate future storm impacts, whereas residents and businesses targeted individual actions. NYT interviews included residents more frequently than local newspapers, influencing coverage of impacts and solutions. Geographic differences between NYT and local newspapers’ foci may relate to coverage of solutions to and responsibility for outages. Our findings demonstrate the importance of collective action toward shared solutions.     

STANDARDIZATION OF PEAK-VOLUME TRANSFORMATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A general treatment of logarithmic transformations and standardization of peak flows on powers of direct runoff is given. Interpretation is offered in this regard for several recent works. There is no basis in reason and no justification in practice for the power standardization. All power standardizations may be calculated from the original relationship.     

AN OBJECTWE TEST FOR HYDROLOGIC SCALE1

ABSTRACT: Improving the reliability of parametric hydrologic models (sometimes called cenceptual rainfall-runoff models) in the continuous simulation of runoff from ungaged catchments has been frustrated by difficulties in estimating model parameters from catchment characteristics. An underlying problem is that these models use parameters to represent catchments as a whole, whereas data on catchment characteristics are collected at multiple field locations and are difficult to transform into one measure of collective impact. Subdividing the catchment and calibrating a stochastic parametric model to estimate distributions for the parameters that covered the range of observed streamflow values was found to improve the simulations. This paper presents an optimization of the amount of subdivision to use in simulation with a version of the Stanford Watershed Model using available climatological data. The calibration process assumes that catchment heterogeneity introduces errors that can be reduced by calibrating parameters as spatial distributions rather than single values. Calibrations for three diverse small gaged catchments located in California and in Virginia found the optimal number of subdivisions to range from 4 to 25 and the optimal scale to range from 0.3 to 2.1 mi².     

SPACE-TIME TRADEOFFS ACROSS THE HYDROLOGIC DATA SETS OF COMPETING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The concept of a space-time tradeoff is extended to the hydrologic data sets of competing rainfall-runoff modeling techniques. Examples are given by comparing the performance of a regression model and a quasi-physically based model using data from an experimental catchment and data synthetically generated. Space-time tradeoffs are demonstrated within the data sets of the two modeling techniques, but not across the competing hydrologic data sets.     

USING A DISTRIBUTED ROUTING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Urban storm water data from four catchments near Miami, Florida, were collected and compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and were used for testing the applicability of deterministic modeling for characterizing storm water flows from small land use areas. The four sites were:

相似文献   

An exploratory comparison of disasters, riots and terrorist acts

One question that emerged following the 11 September attacks was how to categorise and classify the event within existing disaster and conflict-event research frameworks. A decade ago, Quarantelli (1993) compared findings on the similarities and differences between consensus- and conflict-type events by illustrating a conceptual distinction between the two. In this paper, this discussion is expanded to include terrorist attacks by offering comparisons from research findings following 11 September. We provide analyses of individual, organisational, and community-level behaviour in crisis situations and suggest how 11 September is both similar to, and differs from, consensus- and conflict-type events as they were previously considered. Applications for emergency management are also suggested.