公路路面径流重金属污染特征

对广州地区市内,城乡结合部和郊区的3条不同的公路路面雨水径流的降雨、径流流量同步监测以及径流瞬时样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr 6种重金属的测试表明,在路面重金属被雨水径流的冲洗过程中,基于浓度的初期冲洗现象明显,即在径流发生的初始阶段浓度最高,随着降雨和径流过程的进行,重金属浓度持续降低,在径流流量峰值部分,重金属的浓度达到最低值,随后随着流量的减小略有上升;路面雨水径流中的重金属彼此相关性强且都与径流中悬浮固体存在明显相关,绝大部分的重金属都以悬浮固体吸附或直接的颗粒态形式存在;公路路面雨水径流的重金属污染程度与公路周围的环境关系密切,市内道路的重金属次径流平均浓度最高,城乡结合部和郊区公路路面径流的次径流平均浓度相差不大,Pb是路面径流中主要的重金属污染元素。     

经验正交函数方法和TRMM数据对长江流域降水模式与极端水文过程的研究

气候变化加剧了极端天气和水文事件的发生,降水是区域干旱与洪水事件最直接驱动因素。以TRMM/PR月累积降水反演遥感数据为基础,利用经验正交函数EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法对长江流域降水时空变化模式进行提取,并对比分析了主要模式振幅强弱与极端水文事件的对应关系。结果表明在流域尺度上EOF方法及TRMM/PR数据可以较好地识别降水主要模式,通过时空尺度变换成功揭示主要降水模式强弱与流域极端水文事件的对应关系。鉴于日益丰富的巨量水文气象时空数据,EOF方法在模式提取、水文模拟、极端事件预估及灾害适应性研究等方面具有应用潜力     

突发事件对西藏入境旅游影响评估与响应机制研究

突发事件对入境旅游的影响成已为旅游业界和学术界重点关注。通过构建BP神经网络模型,利用西藏2005—2010年月入境旅游人次统计数据,评估了2008年拉萨＂3.14＂突发事件对西藏入境旅游的影响。根据突发事件发展经历爆发期、持续期、扩展期和消退期四个阶段,构建突发事件响应机制,为西藏建设世界重要旅游目的地提供重要参考。     

三峡水库对区域气候影响的数值模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5V3模拟了三峡水库建成后,由于下垫面变化对区域气候的影响,并探讨了三峡水库的建成是否为引发社会广泛关注的高温干旱和低温雨雪冰冻灾害等极端天气的主要因素。研究表明:三峡水库的建成对当地气温具有海洋性效应,库区附近春季温度变低,夏季在水库下游气温升高、上游则气温降低,而冬季则以升温为主;春季降水变化主要位于库区沿线的南部山区,增雨带和减雨带相间分布,夏季降水量在三峡库区中上游地区和附近的山区呈增加趋势,在库区下游及附近地区降水呈减少趋势,冬季降水量减少,主要集中在大坝附近地区到三峡(巫山)段;春季库区的相对湿度增加,幅度多在0.5%～1.0%,夏季相对湿度的影响也存在正负两种效应,大坝上游库区附近相对湿度增加,大坝下游地区相对湿度降低,冬季变幅不大;三峡水利工程不是干旱、低温雨雪冰冻等极端天气出现的主因,它对极端天气事件的影响并不明显。     

Quantitative risk assessment of domino effect in Natech scenarios triggered by lightning

Lightning strike is the natural event more frequency causing Natech accidents involving atmospheric storage tanks. Despite the resulting fires have usually limited severity and only local effects, domino effect may cause the escalation of these primary events, possibly affecting nearby pressurized storages and process equipment, thus resulting in relevant increase in the potential area impacted. A methodology was developed for the quantitative assessment of risk due to domino effects caused by Natech accidents triggered by lightning. A comprehensive procedure was obtained, tailoring lightning risk assessment to include probabilistic models for domino escalation based on probit approach and combinatorial analysis. The methodology was applied to a case-study to evidence the shift in risk figures due to domino effect and the credibility of the secondary domino scenarios. The results of the case-study show that an increase up to two orders of magnitude with respect to risk calculated for conventional scenarios is possible when considering lightning-induced Natech primary scenarios and their escalation.     

Sulfate exports from multiple catchments in a glaciated forested watershed in western New York, USA

Sulfate () concentrations and fluxes were studied for multiple storm events in the Point Peter Brook watershed, a glaciated, forested watershed located in Western New York, USA. Investigations were performed across one large (696 ha) and three small (1.6–3.4 ha) catchments with varying extent of riparian and wetland areas. Concentrations of in groundwater sources (mean values: 238–910 μmol_c L⁻¹) were considerably greater than concentrations recorded for rainfall (60 μmol_c L⁻¹) and throughfall (72–129 μmol_c L⁻¹). Seasonality in concentrations was most pronounced for valley-bottom riparian waters with maximum concentrations in late winter–spring (February–March) and a minimum in late summer (August). Concentrations of in wetland water were considerably less than riparian water indicating the likelihood of reduction in anoxic wetland conditions. Storm events displayed a dilution pattern in concentrations with a minimum coinciding with the maximum in throughfall contributions. End member mixing analysis (EMMA) was able to predict the storm event concentrations of for four of the six comparisons. Concentrations of at the outlet of the large (696 ha) catchment were much greater than values recorded for the smaller catchments. Exports of in streamflow exceeded the inputs from atmospheric deposition suggesting that watersheds like Point Peter Brook may not show any immediate response to decreases in atmospheric deposition.     

Differences in Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Responses to Storm‐Event and Ground‐Water Conditions in a Forested,Glaciated Watershed in Western New York1

Abstract: Differences in the storm‐event responses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in streamflow and ground water were evaluated for a glaciated forested watershed in western New York. Eight to ten storm events with varying rainfall amounts, intensities, and antecedent moisture conditions were studied for three catchments (1.6, 3.4, and 696 ha) over a three‐year period (2003‐2005). Concentrations of DOC in streamflow exiting the catchments were significantly higher for storm events following a dry period, whereas no similar response was observed for DON. Highest DON concentrations in streamflow were typically associated with storm events following wet antecedent moisture conditions. In addition to antecedent moisture conditions, DOC concentrations were also positively correlated with precipitation amounts, while DON did not reveal a consistent pattern. Streamwater and ground‐water concentrations of DOC during storm events were also strongly correlated with riparian ground‐water depths but a similar relationship was not observed for DON. Ground‐water DON concentrations were also more variable than DOC. We hypothesized that the differences in DOC and DON responses stemmed from the differences in catchment sources of these solutes. This study suggests that while DOC and DON are intrinsically linked as components of dissolved organic matter, their dynamics and exports from watersheds may be regulated by a different set of mechanisms and factors. Identifying these differences is critical for developing more reliable and robust models for transport of dissolved organic matter.     

Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production

Besides climate change impacts on water availability and hydrological risks, the consequences on water quality is just beginning to be studied. This review aims at proposing a synthesis of the most recent existing interdisciplinary literature on the topic. After a short presentation about the role of the main factors (warming and consequences of extreme events) explaining climate change effects on water quality, the focus will be on two main points. First, the impacts on water quality of resources (rivers and lakes) modifying parameters values (physico-chemical parameters, micropollutants and biological parameters) are considered. Then, the expected impacts on drinking water production and quality of supplied water are discussed. The main conclusion which can be drawn is that a degradation trend of drinking water quality in the context of climate change leads to an increase of at risk situations related to potential health impact.     

早更新世末中更新世早期的环境事件与灾变

综术了发生在早更新世末到中更新世早期：即大致从１．１￣０．７ＭａＢＰ的各种环境事件,包括气候异常变化、构造活化、侵蚀沉积事件、天文事件、生物迁徙以及古地磙的异常等,其中气候异常和构造活化是基本的环境事件,对其它事件有控制作用。根据气候异常和构造活化的特征,可以认为：从１．１ＭａＢＰ和０．７ＭａＢＰ是一个连续的环境异常过程,这一时期各类环境事件集中发生,环境事件或为灾变的原因,或为灾变的结果,处自然     

2017年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2017年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件76起,包括沙尘天气7起,污染事件16起,地震39起,山体滑坡和泥石流8起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害4起.