中国高温下臭氧抑制事件的时空特征及其影响因素

温度是影响臭氧生成的关键气象因子，通常情况下，臭氧和温度呈显著正相关关系，即臭氧浓度随着温度的升高而上升.然而这种关系在极高温时可能发生改变，当温度超过某个阈值时，臭氧浓度呈下降趋势，称为臭氧抑制事件.臭氧抑制事件导致气候变化背景下未来空气质量预测具有更多不确定性.基于全国空气质量监测数据和气象观测数据，采用Z检验方法，系统分析了2013~2020年暖季（4~9月）我国臭氧抑制事件频次及临界温度（T_x）的时空特征，并分析了引起臭氧抑制事件发生的可能影响因素.结果表明，2013~2020年暖季，我国约有18%的站点发生臭氧抑制事件，发生频率较高的站点主要分布在四川、新疆、陕西等中国中西部地区，平均达到10次·a^-1.发生臭氧抑制事件的T_x介于19.2~39.3℃，且大多数站点的T_x呈逐年上升趋势；T_x高值区主要分布在四川、重庆、湖南和湖北等中西部地区，而T_x低值区则集中在青藏高原一带.与T_x年变化趋势相反，2013~2020年暖季京津冀的臭氧抑制事件频率显著下降，汾渭平原、长三角和成渝地区的臭氧抑制事件频率呈"升高-降低-升高"变化特征.珠三角城市群极端高温抑制臭氧的作用最显著.此外，臭氧前体物（例如NO₂）和气象条件（风速、风向）是导致臭氧抑制事件的可能原因.     

The impacts of different kinds of dust events on PM10 pollution in northern China

In this study the frequencies of PM₁₀ (as key urban pollutant) in 14 key environmental protection cities in northern China were analyzed. It follows that the PM₁₀ concentration in the high-frequency period is higher with an extent 0.009–0.066 mg m⁻³ than in the low-frequency period of 2001–2002. Further the impacts of three kinds of dust events on the PM₁₀ concentration in four cities (Beijing, Hohhot, Xi’an and Lanzhou) were explored. The results showed that different kinds of dust events have different influences on variation of PM₁₀ concentration in these four cities. In Lanzhou and Hohhot, which are near the source areas of dust events, the contribution degree of these three dust events to the PM₁₀ is: floating dust>dust storm>blowing dust. Whereas, in Beijing and Xi’an situated in dust event passing areas, the mean value of PM₁₀ concentration is higher in blowing dust than in floating dust (no dust storm). In addition, the influences of dust events on PM₁₀ concentration are different in the cities on different dust event paths. In Beijing and Hohhot (on the northern path), the high PM₁₀ concentration is usually caused by blowing dust. But in both Lanzhou and Xi’an (on the western/northwestern path) the high PM₁₀ pollution concentration is usually caused by floating dust.     

我国海域内船舶溢油发生次数概率的特点

根据我国海域内船舶溢油历史纪录 ,利用概率分析方法探讨不同溢油量等级溢油事故发生次数的概率特点。分析结果表明 ,不同溢油量等级溢油事件在概率分布上的差异明显 ,且与定性分析的结论并不完全一致 ,这将有助于溢油事件发生特征的深入了解。     

Global effects of extreme temperatures on wild bumblebees

Climate plays a key role in shaping population trends and determining the geographic distribution of species because of limits in species’ thermal tolerance. An evaluation of species tolerance to temperature change can therefore help predict their potential spatial shifts and population trends triggered by ongoing global warming. We assessed inter- and intraspecific variations in heat resistance in relation to body mass, local mean temperatures, and evolutionary relationships in 39 bumblebee species, a major group of pollinators in temperate and cold ecosystems, across 3 continents, 6 biomes, and 20 regions (2386 male specimens). Based on experimental bioassays, we measured the time before heat stupor of bumblebee males at a heatwave temperature of 40 °C. Interspecific variability was significant, in contrast to interpopulational variability, which was consistent with heat resistance being a species-specific trait. Moreover, cold-adapted species are much more sensitive to heat stress than temperate and Mediterranean species. Relative to their sensitivity to extreme temperatures, our results help explain recent population declines and range shifts in bumblebees following climate change.     

2015年5-6月国内环境事件

简要统计了2015年5-6月国内发生的各种环境事件118起,包括沙尘天气7起,污染事件14起,地震40起,山体滑坡和泥石流25起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害30起.     

贵州普定陈旗喀斯特泉的降雨-径流响应特征分析

本文以贵州省普定县陈旗喀斯特泉流量为研究对象,采用相关分析和谱分析方法,分析降雨-出口泉流量的响应特征,统计结果表明,该喀斯特流域出口处泉流量对降雨表现出三种响应滞时,分别为短时段、中等时段和长时段响应。对应的响应滞时长度分别为2~4 h、47~49 h和176~290 h。对比流域山坡上部和坡脚两处降雨-泉流量响应特征,结合野外水文地质调查与实验,分析了表层岩溶带发育厚度、多重裂隙渗透性等水文地质条件对降雨-泉流量响应特征的影响机制。山坡上部表层岩溶带厚度较薄,且表层裂隙更为发育,导致山坡上部泉对降雨的响应更迅速,各时段滞时均小于全流域对应时段滞时。     

2005年11-12月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年11-12月国内发生的各种环境事件47起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件25起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流5起,以及其他自然灾害9起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

2006年9-10月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件103起,包括污染事件29起,地震12起,山体滑坡和泥石流20起,旱灾5起,以及其他自然灾害37起.文中对污染事件和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

人群拥挤事故与避灾心理分析

在现代社会中，大量的人群集中在一起是常见的事情。通常情况下，大量的人群集中并不会引起严重的问题，但有时由于缺乏有效的控制与管理，在突发事件发生时常会造成较大的人员死伤。本交通过对本世纪的若干起人群拥挤事故的调查，分析了该类事故的制约因素。     

EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CLOUD SEEDING ON STREAMFLOW OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PENNSYLVANIA1

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of five small watersheds in central Pennsylvania. Continuous hydrographs for the 6-month period, April to September 1964, were simulated. Synthesized rainfall cycles consisting of increasing rainfall by 10, 20, and 30 percent to simulate the effects of cloud seeding were processed through the watershed model to determine the effects on low flow augmentation. Other rainfall cycles used consisted of increasing every third storm by 30 percent and of developing a rainfall cycle by processing daily radiosonde data through a mathematical cumulus cloud model to obtain a prediction of rainfall following seeding. A comparison of actual and predicted hydrographs indicated that simulated cloud seeding resulted in significant monthly and seasonal water yields. In general, the results of the study appear to indicate that on a theoretical basis cloud seeding would be a feasible method of augmenting low stream-flow during the summer months on watersheds in the northern Appalachian region.