城市绿地削减降雨地表径流污染效应的试验研究

针对城市降雨地表径流造成的非点源污染已成为城市收纳水体水质恶化和生态退化的主要因素这一现状,利用室内土壤柱模拟城市绿地对典型降雨地表径流污染的削减效应,研究土地覆被、径流污染物浓度、土层厚度以及水力负荷与停留时间对污染削减率的影响.结果表明,在低、中和高3种典型降雨地表径流污染浓度水平(COD为44.5、144.3、487.2 mg.L-1;NH4+-N为4.27、11.44、36.61 mg.L-1;TP为0.98、2.85、9.66 mg.L-1),8.15、7.13和6.12 cm.h-1的进水负荷持续1 h条件下,城市绿地的污染削减能力良好、稳定,对照组对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均削减率分别达到33.41%~37.14%、58.74%~61.49%和63.65%~67.08%;受复氧能力和水力停留时间的限制,绿地覆被植物对污染物削减率的影响不明显;随着降雨地表径流污染浓度水平的增加,绿地的污染综合削减率保持在50%~60%左右,略有增大趋势;绿地对降雨地表径流污染的削减主要发生在深度50~70 cm的土层之上.     

新沟河排水对太湖水环境影响研究

太湖西北部尤其是梅梁湖水质较差,新沟河延伸拓浚工程实施后,可通过外排梅梁湖水改变太湖的水动力水质环境.利用Mike21建立太湖二维水动力水质数学模型,研究该工程实施后对太湖水动力水质的影响.研究得到:新沟河工程实施后,可有效改善梅梁湖的水动力条件,梅梁湖换水周期缩短13.3％;同时,梅梁湖CODMn、 TP、TN等主要...     

THE TWO‐DIMENSIONAL UPLAND EROSION MODEL CASC2D‐SED1

ABSTRACT: The two‐dimensional soil erosion model CASC2D‐SED simulates the dynamics of upland erosion during single rainstorms. The model is based on the raster‐based surface runoff calculations from CASC2D. Rainfall precipitation is distributed in time and space. Infiltration is calculated from the Green‐Ampt equations. Surface runoff is calculated from the diffusive wave approximation to the Saint‐Venant equations in two‐dimensions. Watershed data bases in raster Geographical Information System (GIS) provide information on the soil type, size fractions, soil erodibility, cropping management, and conservation practice factors for soil erosion calculations. Upland sediment transport is calculated for the size fractions (sand, silt, and clay), and the model displays the sediment flux, the amount of suspended sediment, and the net erosion and deposition using color graphics. The model has been tested on Goodwin Creek, Mississippi. The peak discharge and time to peak are within ± 20 percent and sediment transport rates within ?50 percent to 200 percent.     

ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY DYNAMICS OF RIVERINE WETLANDS IN THE KANKAKEE WATERSHED,INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: Wetland restoration activities may disturb shallow ground‐water flow dynamics. There may be unintentional sources of water flowing into a constructed wetland that could compromise the long‐term viability of a wetland function. Measurement of naturally‐occurring isotopes in the hydrosphere can provide an indication of provenance, flow paths or components, and residence times or ages of wetland ground‐water flow systems. Hydraulic head measurements may not provide sufficient detail of shallow flow disturbances and can be complemented by analyzing isotopes in waters flowing through the wetland. Two north‐central Indiana wetlands in the Kankakee watershed are being studied to determine the adequacy of wetland restoration activities. The native LaSalle wetland and the restored Hog Marsh wetland have contrasting ground‐water flow regimes. The conservative water isotopes ¹⁸O, ²H, and ³H, and selected solute isotopes ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ³⁴S, ⁸⁷Sr, and 206–208Pb, demonstrate the complexity of ground‐water flow in Hog Marsh compared to the established flow regime at the LaSalle wetland.     

BIODEGRADATION OF DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS AS A POTENTIAL REMOVAL PROCESS DURING AQUIFER STORAGE RECOVERY1

ABSTRACT: The biodegradation potential of two drinking water disinfection byproducts was investigated using aquifer materials obtained from approximately 100 and 200 meters below land surface in an aerobic aquifer system undergoing aquifer storage recovery of treated surface water. No significant biodegradation of a model trihalomethane compound, chloroform, was observed in aquifer microcosms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In contrast, between 16 and 27 percent mineralization of a radiolabeled model haloacetic acid compound, chloroacetic acid, was observed. These results indicate that although the potential for biodegradation of chloroacetic acid exists in deep aquifer systems, chloroform entrained within these aquifers or formed in situ will tend to persist. These results have important implications for water managers planning to meet anticipated lowered permissible levels of trihalomethanes in drinking water.     

REMOTE MONITORING OF SELECTED GROUND‐WATER DOMINATED LAKES IN THE NEBRASKA SAND HILLS1

ABSTRACT: The Landsat‐Muitispectral Scanner (MSS) data were used to measure lake area fluctuations (1972–1989) for 130 ground‐water dominated lakes in the Western Lakes Region of the Nebraska Sand Hills. In general, the pattern shown in lake area hydrographs was similar to that for in‐situ lake elevations. In‐situ lake‐elevation data verify that remote monitoring of surface‐area fluctuations, even at relatively coarse spatial resolution, is not only practical and useful, but also it elucidates the hydrologic characteristics of groundwater‐dominated lakes of the Sand Hills. The apparent differences in behavior between lakes in the northern and southern portions of the study area may be related to both their location in the regional ground water system and the substantial local hydrologic complexity.     

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE EVAPORATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR CONTINUOUS MODELING1

ABSTRACT: The importance of evaporation in hydrologic modeling has been investigated by analysis of water budget at various scales and application of a water management model at plot scale. The data at all scales indicate that evaporation constitutes a major hydrological output. Accurate determination of watershed evapotranspiration depends upon appropriate accounting for the various components of evapotranspiration and their areal and temporal variability. An application of a water management model has revealed that the ranking of the sensitivity of input parameters depends upon the method of determination of evapotranspiration.     

多源降水数据在长江上游流域比较研究

降水是洪水预报重要的输入因子,是保证洪水预报精度的前提条件。提出一种从站点、子流域以及全流域3种空间尺度上评价水情遥测降水数据精度的方法。采用该方法,以国家气象信息中心公开发布的日降水数据为基准,针对覆盖宜昌-宜宾425 000 km2的377个遥测雨量站降雨数据进行精度评价。在日、月时间尺度上,综合评价了中国长江三峡集团所属的遥测雨量数据精度特征。结果表明,其遥测雨量数据与国家气象信息中心公开发布的日降水数据,具有较高的相关度,相关指标R2到达0.81。部分数据受到地形以及站点位置差异等因素的影响,存在一定差异。这些差异为雨量站的调整和补充提供重要依据。为验证其他遥测站网的降水数据精度提供了范例,利用该方法,可对运行多年的遥测雨量站网进行评价,也可开展多源降水融合相关工作,提高地面遥测降水数据的代表性和准确性。     

Small farm ponds: overlooked features with important impacts on watershed sediment transport

Despite their size, small farm ponds are important features in many landscapes. Yet hydrographical databases often fail to capture these ponds, and their impacts on watershed processes remain unclear. For a 230‐km² portion of central Texas, United States (U.S.), we created a historical inventory of ponds and quantified the accuracy of automated detection methods under varying drought conditions. In addition, we documented pond dredging/enlargement events and identified sites that had been abandoned. We also analyzed sediment cores from downstream reservoirs to track changes in watershed sediment transport. Over 75 years, pond densities increased more than 350% — to among the highest documented in the U.S. — and the ability of automated methods to detect these ponds was highly dependent on drought severity (R² = 0.96). Approximately 5% of ponds present in the 1950s were no longer present in 2012, while 33% were dredged between 1937 and 2012. Downstream reservoir sedimentation has decreased by an average of 55% as ponds have increased in number. These findings suggest that small ponds and the maintenance of trapping efficiency have large‐scale impacts on sediment dynamics. Accurately accounting for these storage effects is vital to water resource planning efforts.     

Long‐Term Trends in Streamflow and Precipitation in Northwest California and Southwest Oregon, 1953‐2012

Using nonparametric Mann‐Kendall tests, we assessed long‐term (1953‐2012) trends in streamflow and precipitation in Northern California and Southern Oregon at 26 sites regulated by dams and 41 “unregulated” sites. Few (9%) sites had significant decreasing trends in annual precipitation, but September precipitation declined at 70% of sites. Site characteristics such as runoff type (groundwater, snow, or rain) and dam regulation influenced streamflow trends. Decreasing streamflow trends outnumbered increasing trends for most months except at regulated sites for May‐September. Summer (July‐September) streamflow declined at many sites, including 73% of unregulated sites in September. Applying a LOESS regression model of antecedent precipitation vs. average monthly streamflow, we evaluated the underlying streamflow trend caused by factors other than precipitation. Decreasing trends in precipitation‐adjusted streamflow substantially outnumbered increasing trends for most months. As with streamflow, groundwater‐dominated sites had a greater percent of declining trends in precipitation‐adjusted streamflow than other runoff types. The most pristine surface‐runoff‐dominated watersheds within the study area showed no decreases in precipitation‐adjusted streamflow during the summer months. These results suggest that streamflow decreases at other sites were likely due to more increased human withdrawals and vegetation changes than to climate factors other than precipitation quantity.