Modeling Long‐Term Trends of Chlorinated Ethene Contamination at a Public Supply Well

A mass‐balance solute‐transport modeling approach was used to investigate the effects of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) volume, composition, and generation of daughter products on simulated and measured long‐term trends of chlorinated ethene (CE) concentrations at a public supply well. The model was built by telescoping a calibrated regional three‐dimensional MODFLOW model to the capture zone of a public supply well that has a history of CE contamination. The local model was then used to simulate the interactions between naturally occurring organic carbon that acts as an electron donor, and dissolved oxygen (DO), CEs, ferric iron, and sulfate that act as electron acceptors using the Sequential Electron Acceptor Model in three dimensions (SEAM3D) code. The modeling results indicate that asymmetry between rapidly rising and more gradual falling concentration trends over time suggests a DNAPL rather than a dissolved source of CEs. Peak concentrations of CEs are proportional to the volume and composition of the DNAPL source. The persistence of contamination, which can vary from a few years to centuries, is proportional to DNAPL volume, but is unaffected by DNAPL composition. These results show that monitoring CE concentrations in raw water produced by impacted public supply wells over time can provide useful information concerning the nature of contaminant sources and the likely future persistence of contamination.     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Low Streamflow and Precipitation Changes in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Spatial and temporal patterns in low streamflows were investigated for 183 streamgages located in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed for the period 1939–2013. Metrics that represent different aspects of the frequency and magnitude of low streamflows were examined for trends: (1) the annual time series of seven‐day average minimum streamflow, (2) the scaled average deficit at or below the 2% mean daily streamflow value relative to a base period between 1939 and 1970, and (3) the annual number of days below the 2% threshold. Trends in these statistics showed spatial cohesion, with increasing low streamflow volume at streamgages located in the northern uplands of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and decreasing low streamflow volume at streamgages in the southern part of the watershed. For a small subset of streamgages (12%), conflicting trend patterns were observed between the seven‐day average minimum streamflow and the below‐threshold time series and these appear to be related to upstream diversions or the influence of reservoir‐influenced streamflows in their contributing watersheds. Using multivariate classification techniques, mean annual precipitation and fraction of precipitation falling as snow appear to be broad controls of increasing and decreasing low‐flow trends. Further investigation of seasonal precipitation patterns shows summer rainfall patterns, driven by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, as the main driver of low streamflows in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.     

渭河流域陕西段的生态安全分析

流域生态安全的研究对干旱、半干旱地区十分重要,而水资源的安全则是实现流域生态安全的基本途径.分析结果表明,20世纪90年代以来,渭河流域以河川径流显著减少,河流水质急剧恶化及下游洪水频发,泥沙淤积为主要表现的生态安全问题日益突出.水资源的过度开发利用和废污水的无序排放以及潼关高程不断抬升,行洪能力降低等是诱发生态安全问题的主要因素.以流域生态安全为目标,以水资源可持续开发利用为入手点,提出了解决渭河流域生态安全问题的可能对策.     

基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量计算——以海河为例

论文提出一个基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量的计算方法。以海河流域为例,利用流域多年年降雨、入海水量、引黄水量、地下水超采水量、工业用水量、农业用水量、生活用水量、工业废污水排放量和生活污水排放量等资料,得出1956～1998年流域生态耗水量的多年变化。计算结果显示,虽然流域在1956～1998年的43年间环境发生明显变化,然而流域生态耗水总量没有呈明显的上升或下降趋势。最后通过对比研究,给出了论文提出的算法与基于当地水资源的算法结果的物理解释。     

城市降雨屋面、路面径流水文水质特征研究

为研究城市硬质下垫面径流的水文过程与污染物浓度变化特征,对北京市2006年6-8月的4场降雨进行路面和屋面水文、水质过程同步分析.结果表明,径流曲线与降雨过程线形状类似,波动幅度相对较小,滞后于降雨过程线5～20 min,屋面径流系数在0.80～0.98之间;路面径流系数在0.87～0.97之间.径流污染物的浓度是由累积排放规律决定的,路面径流的污染物浓度高于屋面径流,径流中COD、TN、TP的浓度均超过地表水环境质量标准V类水要求.各类污染物之间的相关性均处于显著性水平R=0.1以上,屋面径流颗粒物与有机物和阴离子之间的相关关系较大(＞0.5),而与氮磷等营养物质的相关系数较小(＜0.5);路面径流中,TN、1P与颗粒物的相关性有所增加.径流中各类物质大多存在初期冲刷现象,并受到污染物种类、下垫面特征、降雨强度和雨型等因素的影响.SS初期冲刷现象较其它几类污染物更为明显,路面较屋面更容易形成初期冲刷,低强度降雨不容易形成有机物和营养物质的初期冲刷现象.控制初期径流污染是北京市径流管理的有效措施.     

森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论

针对“森林能否增雨、森林能否减少年径流量、调节枯水径流以及能否削减洪峰”等问题，综述了各种观点，分析了出现分歧的原因。作者认为森林对降水量的影响不大，森林植被的存在一般减少年径流量，而对调节枯水径流以及削减洪峰等的作用则因地带、因流域尺度而异。研究方法的局限性、研究对象的复杂性以及区域差异和尺度的影响，是导致争论的主要原因。正确评价森林的水文效应，应该注意地带性差异、尺度的影响以及不同森林的类型等。     

城市地表灰尘-降雨径流系统重金属生物有效性研究

以上海中心城区为例,定点采集地表灰尘、径流悬浮物、雨水口和河流沉积物,探讨重金属在地表灰尘-降雨径流系统中的环境行为及其生物有效性变化.研究表明,研究区域地表灰尘重金属浓度高于上海土壤背景值,其中Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu高出5~7倍,Cr和Ni高出2倍,径流非点源污染Pb、Cr和Ni贡献较大,Cd、Cu和Zn污染程度较轻.多介质赋存形态研究表明,重金属生物有效性依次为Zn>Ni>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr.其中Cr、Zn和Cu在4种介质中分别以残渣态、碳酸盐态和有机态为主;Ni地表灰尘以残渣态为主,其它3种介质以碳酸盐态为主;Cd地表灰尘以有机态为主,径流悬浮物以非稳定形态为主;Pb在迁移过程中主导形态由铁锰结合态变为有机态.非稳定形态(F1+F2)在径流悬浮物组分中占有最高比例,6种重金属迁移比率平均值为1.74,说明从地表灰尘到径流颗粒物,重金属生物有效性明显升高,径流水体毒性和潜在生态效应值得关注;雨水口和河流沉积物残渣态含量较高,成为重金属在城市地表环境迁移的蓄积库.