江南丘陵山区农业规模化对水土流失的影响研究综述

农业规模经营是实现农业现代化的重要路径。为了探讨丘陵山区农业规模化发展对于水土流失的影响机理。通过文献综述法梳理相关研究,分析现有研究存在的不足,并提出研究展望。综观前人的研究可以得知:(1)农业规模经营的效益、政策与推动机制等状况;(2)丘陵山区水土流失的影响因素乃为自然因素与人为因素交互作用的结果,以及农业活动对水土流失的影响;(3)水土流失的调查、监测与影响因素的评估方法及仿真模拟。最后,提出5点研究展望:(1)构建丘陵山区水土流失驱动力模型;(2)建立丘陵山区农业规模化对水土流失的影响评估指标体系;(3)甄别影响程度及其时空差异;(4)丘陵山区农业规模化的水土流失效应模拟反演;(5)提出丘陵山区水土资源可持续利用的农业规模化政策建议。以期对我国丘陵山区发展适度农业规模化与可持续发展研究提供科学参考。     

四川阿坝州特色水果产业现状及其发展方向

高山峡谷区是阿坝州生态环境脆弱和人口密度大的区域,特色水果是与该区域环境、资源与气候特点相适应的传统优势产业。近年来,在特色水果新品种引进、基地建设和产业体系建设方面取得了较大的进展,特色水果产业快速发展,已成为该区域生态农业发展、农民增收和产业结构调整的重要支柱产业。对阿坝州特色水果产业发展的现状与目前存在的问题进行了全面的分析,为该产业今后的发展指出了方向。     

Development of a Cropland Management Dataset to Support U.S. Swat Assessments

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is widely used in the United States (U.S.) to simulate hydrology and water quality simulation. Process‐based models like SWAT require a great deal of data to accurately represent the natural world, including topography, land use, soils, weather, and management. With the exception of management, all these data are available nationally from multiple sources. To date, credible SWAT studies in the U.S. have assembled suitable management data (operation scheduling, fertilization application rates, and plant growth parameterization). In this research, we develop a national management database for SWAT using existing U.S. Department of Agriculture data sources. These data are compatible with existing SWAT interfaces and are relatively easy to use. Although management data from local sources is preferred, these data are not always available. This work is intended to fill this void with more reasonable management data than the existing defaults. This national database covers all major cultivated crops and should facilitate improved SWAT applications in the U.S. These data were tested in two case studies and found to produce satisfactory SWAT predictions. The database developed in this research is freely available on the web.     

Towards urban food sovereignty: the trials and tribulations of community-based aquaponics enterprises in Milwaukee and Melbourne

Community-based urban aquaponics enterprises represent a new model for how to blend local agency with scientific innovation to deliver food sovereignty (FS) in cities, re-engaging and giving urban communities more control over their food production and distribution. Little is known, however, about the factors and outcomes that determine the success or failure of these enterprises. This paper explores stakeholder experiences of building community-based urban aquaponics enterprises to understand the internal and external factors that impact on their success or failure. We draw upon existing FS, social enterprise and aquaponics literature, to identify factors in the related area of community-based urban agriculture. For exploring these factors, we use a comparative case study methodology for two cases in Milwaukee and Melbourne, conducting in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, exploring their relative contexts, objectives and structure. Based on these findings, we highlight the challenges and suggest relevant indicators for establishing an urban aquaponics enterprise.     

Authority Pooling and Regional Organic Agriculture Standard-Setting: Evidence from East Africa

A key characteristic of global organic agriculture governance through standards is the coexistence of regulatory fragmentation and regional integration. To reduce barriers to organic trade, especially for market participants from developing countries, international and transnational entrepreneurs increasingly promote the setting of organic agriculture standards (OAS) in different world regions, for example, in East Africa, the Pacific, or Asia. Although scholars from different disciplines have done a lot of research on the role of standards in global governance, we still know little about why and how regional standard-setting processes evolve. Applying findings from regime analysis, entrepreneurship, and political authority, the article introduces the concept of authority pooling. It argues that legal, moral, and technical authority sources interact in a blurred functional division of labour between the public and the private sector in standard-setting. The article presents results from a within-case study of the development of the East African Organic Products Standard using the process-tracing method. It detects the underlying causal mechanism by which international and transnational entrepreneurs pooled different authority sources and, thus, significantly influenced political actors in East Africa to set the first regional OAS in the developing world.     

经济发达地区的生态农业发展战略--以江苏省江阴市为例

我国的经济发达地区普遍存在着人地关系紧张、环境质量恶化和农产品质量下降等问题,发展生态农业是缓解这些矛盾的重要途径。本文以江阴市为例,分析了经济发达地区农业发展中存在的主要制约因素,强调了区内发展生态农业的迫切性和优势条件,根据区域社会经济发展特点,指出该市应以为中心城市服务的都市生态农业为发展方向,借鉴发达国家生态农业建设的先进经验,将生态农业建设与农业现代化建设有机地结合起来,探索和推广适合本地特点的精准设施农业技术,达到节约水、肥资源,提高农产品产量和品质的目的。     

浅谈西安市临潼区生态农业发展模式

本文通过对临潼区自然生态环境和资源利用现状进行评价,提出该区生态农业的发展模式及生态农业建设主要任务,以达到持续、高效、合理地利用区内各种资源。     

Knowledge coproduction on the impact of decisions for waterbird habitat in a changing climate

Scientists, resource managers, and decision makers increasingly use knowledge coproduction to guide the stewardship of future landscapes under climate change. This process was applied in the California Central Valley (USA) to solve complex conservation problems, where managed wetlands and croplands are flooded between fall and spring to support some of the largest concentrations of shorebirds and waterfowl in the world. We coproduced scenario narratives, spatially explicit flooded waterbird habitat models, data products, and new knowledge about climate adaptation potential. We documented our coproduction process, and using the coproduced models, we determined when and where management actions make a difference and when climate overrides these actions. The outcomes of this process provide lessons learned on how to cocreate usable information and how to increase climate adaptive capacity in a highly managed landscape. Actions to restore wetlands and prioritize their water supply created habitat outcomes resilient to climate change impacts particularly in March, when habitat was most limited; land protection combined with management can increase the ecosystem's resilience to climate change; and uptake and use of this information was influenced by the roles of different stakeholders, rapidly changing water policies, discrepancies in decision-making time frames, and immediate crises of extreme drought. Although a broad stakeholder group contributed knowledge to scenario narratives and model development, to coproduce usable information, data products were tailored to a small set of decision contexts, leading to fewer stakeholder participants over time. A boundary organization convened stakeholders across a large landscape, and early adopters helped build legitimacy. Yet, broadscale use of climate adaptation knowledge depends on state and local policies, engagement with decision makers that have legislative and budgetary authority, and the capacity to fit data products to specific decision needs.     

Assessing intervention effectiveness at promoting voluntary conservation practice adoption in agrienvironments

Although implementing conservation practices on private farms and forests can produce substantial environmental benefits, these practices are not being adopted widely enough to result in measurable improvements at regional scales. Researchers have investigated the production and program factors influencing producer choices to voluntarily adopt these practices. However, the findings of reviews are inconsistent, raising questions about review methods, including the omission of relevant variables. Further, applying lessons from past work to promote adoption is difficult because many reviews investigated dispositional or demographic variables that practitioners and policy makers cannot directly observe or influence. We conducted a new review of 146 empirical studies that tested the effects of different interventions (e.g., financial incentives, outreach events, and nudges) on increasing the likelihood of producers adopting conservation practices. We conducted a metaregression of quantitative studies from diverse disciplines that filtered studies by quality (i.e., use of randomization and clear analysis reporting). We synthesized these results with a thematic analysis of qualitative studies on producer perspectives about conservation practices. Financial incentives had the strongest evidence of increasing producers’ likelihood of adopting conservation practices (odds ratio 1.86, p < 0.05). However, this effect was only apparent after filtering by study quality, which also improved model fit and identified significant regional differences (odds ratio –1.69, p < 0.01). The thematic review of qualitative studies revealed that peer groups may be successful in reinforcing adoption behaviors due to homophily effects and that financial incentives not only offset implementation costs but also mitigated perceived risks of adoption. Given the problems we encountered in testing hypotheses about the magnitude of variability explained by intervention types and practice characteristics, we recommend additional experimental and longitudinal work that accounts for financial incentives and pairs qualitative and quantitative data to clarify relationships between program design and practice adoption rates.     

有机食品发展与生态省建设

分析论述了发展有机食品与生态省建设概念、理论、理念和建设指标的一致性关系,阐述了有机食品发展是生态省建设的重要内容,提出了在生态省建设中重视加强有机食品发展的具体措施.