沙颖河流域降雨径流污染预报模型的研究

在淮河上游河颖河流域的研究区域内布站设点，获取数据资料，建立出口断面的水质预报模型，在降雨径流污染方面作了有益的探索，获取的实主以此所 水质预报模式具有一定的实用价值。     

Stream and Retention Pond Thermal Response to Heated Summer Runoff From Urban Impervious Surfaces1

Abstract: Runoff from parking lots during summer storms injects surges of hot water into receiving water bodies. We present temperature data collected near urban storm sewer outfalls in Blacksburg, Virginia, using arrays of sensors in a stream and a stormwater pond. Surges occurred roughly a dozen times per month, ranging up to 8.1°C with average duration 2 h in the stream and up to 11.2°C with average duration 7 h in the pond. Surges were larger in the pond due to a larger contributing watershed, no dilution by upstream water, and cool background temperatures near the outfall. Surges began abruptly, warming at rates averaging 0.2°C/min for periods of 5‐20 min. Surges dissipated as they propagated into the water bodies, travelling further in the stream (>19 m) than the pond (～10 m) consistent with greater advection in the stream. Surges were largest and most frequent in the afternoon but occurred at all times of day and night. Stream surges exhibited two phases: an early high‐temperature low‐volume input from the storm sewer and a later low‐temperature high‐volume input from upstream. Surges at the pond did not exhibit two phases, consistent with inputs only from storm sewers. Surges are likely common in urban areas, and may cumulatively have consequences for aquatic organisms, biogeochemical process rates, and even human health. Such effects may be compounded by urban heat islands and climate change, so prevention or mitigation should be considered.     

Examining Modeling Approaches for the Rainfall‐Runoff Process in Wildfire‐Affected Watersheds: Using San Dimas Experimental Forest

Wildfire can significantly change watershed hydrological processes resulting in increased risks for flooding, erosion, and debris flow. The goal of this study was to evaluate the predictive capability of hydrological models in estimating post‐fire runoff using data from the San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF), San Dimas, California. Four methods were chosen representing different types of post‐fire runoff prediction methods, including a Rule of Thumb, Modified Rational Method (MODRAT), HEC‐HMS Curve Number, and KINematic Runoff and EROSion Model 2 (KINEROS2). Results showed that simple, empirical peak flow models performed acceptably if calibrated correctly. However, these models do not reflect hydrological mechanisms and may not be applicable for predictions outside the area where they were calibrated. For pre‐fire conditions, the Curve Number approach implemented in HEC‐HMS provided more accurate results than KINEROS2, whereas for post‐fire conditions, the opposite was observed. Such a trend may imply fundamental changes from pre‐ to post‐fire hydrology. Analysis suggests that the runoff generation mechanism in the watershed may have temporarily changed due to fire effects from saturation‐excess runoff or subsurface storm dominated complex mechanisms to an infiltration‐excess dominated mechanism. Infiltration modeling using the Hydrus‐1D model supports this inference. Results of this study indicate that physically‐based approaches may better reflect this trend and have the potential to provide consistent and satisfactory prediction.     

基于支持向量机的城市道路降雨径流污染预测模型

为实现城市降雨径流污染有效预测,以文献中的实测数据作为样本,选取雨型、平均雨强、峰值雨强、降雨历时、雨前干期、大气降尘量、PM 10、车流量、路面材料及城市功能区等10项影响因子作为模型输入量,选取径流污染指标COD的场次降雨平均浓度EMC及初期冲刷指数FF30作为模型输出量,基于支持向量机(SVM)构建了城市道路径流污染预测模型。结果表明:EMC-SVM及FF30-SVM模型均具有较高的预测精度,EMC-SVM模型校验参数RMSE、MBE远小于数据集EMC均值,CE、CC达到0.815及0.933;FF30-SVM模型校验参数RMSE、MBE远小于数据集FF30均值,CE、CC分别为0.866及0.932;选用径向基函数(RBF)作为核函数,使用k折交叉验证法对模型参数进行寻优,对于EMC-SVM及FF30-SVM模型寻得的最优参数(c,g)分别为(64.0,0.001953125)、(2.0,0.0625)。     

河岸草本缓冲带对模拟径流中污染物的净化

选择华北地区3种常见草本植物——狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草,通过人工配水模拟地表径流,在北京潮白河河岸设置径流试验,研究河岸带宽度、水力负荷和进水浓度对不同缓冲带截污能力的影响。结果表明:模拟径流中污染物均随缓冲带沿程距离增加有降低趋势,且前段下降较快,后段下降逐渐趋缓。SS的去除主要发生在沿程前3 m,TP和COD的去除主要发生在前6 m,TN的去除主要发生在9 m以内。若缓冲带的宽度设置受限,为保证一定的截污效果,宽度不应小于9 m。狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草缓冲带在沿程15 m处对NH_4~+-N的去除率分别为50.6%、32.0%和40.4%,总体上狗牙根和天堂草对N、P的去除能力优于虎尾草。不同水力负荷和进水浓度下,草本缓冲带均能有效截留径流中的SS,去除率均在70%以上,而NH_4~+-N的去除受进水浓度的影响较大。由于模拟径流中NO_3~--N和溶解性磷(DP)进水浓度低于1 mg/L,缓冲带对两者的去除效果较差,特别是虎尾草缓冲带,出现了出水浓度高于进水的情况。     

沥青油毡屋面降雨径流污染物浓度历时变化研究

城市面源污染是我国水环境质量恶化的重要原因之一.屋面是城市下垫面的主要组成部分,因而屋面暴雨径流污染成为城市面源污染的重要来源.以北京市典型的文教区为例,在2004年对沥青油毡屋面径流水质进行了为期4个月的监测,指标包括pH、SS、COD、TN、TP、BOD5及Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd和Pb等重金属.监测结果表明,屋面径流水质污染比较严重,COD、TN和BOD5均值一般都超过地表水环境质量Ⅴ级标准;屋面初期径流污染物浓度大,随着降雨历时的延长,COD、TN、TP、BOD5及SS的浓度大幅度下降;污染物的起始浓度以及浓度达到稳定所需的时间随雨前晴天数的不同而有较大变化.屋面暴雨径流中的重金属浓度在整个降雨过程中均较低,而且随降雨历时的延长,其浓度变化较小.     

三峡库区典型紫色土小流域径流及氮磷流失特征

为了解三峡库区典型紫色土小流域径流污染特征,对新政小流域典型土地利用类型下降雨-径流时间过程和小流域集水区出口径流中氮磷浓度进行动态监测,监测分析库区小流域氮磷在降雨径流中的流失规律.结果表明,小流域径流氮磷损失量分别为13. 69 kg·(hm~2·a)-1和1. 50 kg·(hm~2·a)-1.农肥所含氮磷及降雨冲刷是小流域径流污染的主要原因.小流域的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均浓度达10. 05 mg·L~(-1)和1. 10 mg·L~(-1),远超过富营养化发生标准,须引起关注.本研究观测的两场降雨中,8月15日降雨中硝态氮(NN)和颗粒态磷(PP)分别为69. 47 kg和6. 83 kg,分别占TN和TP的53. 91%和53. 78%; 8月26日降雨中NN、氨氮(AN)和PP分别为6. 68、5. 61和1. 36 kg,分别占TN和TP的37. 74%、31. 69%和57. 63%,表明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式,而磷素迁移则以颗粒态为主.小流域强降雨对于氮磷流失的影响显著.这与紫色土土层薄、耕作频繁、土壤相对疏松等性质有关.     

Hydrology of Clay Settling Areas and Surrounding Landscapes in the Phosphate Mining District,Peninsular Florida1

Abstract: The objective of this study was to use applied and naturally occurring geochemical tracers to study the hydrology of clay settling areas (CSAs) and the hydrological connectivity between CSAs and surrounding hydrological landscapes. The study site is located on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. The CSA has a well‐developed, subangular‐blocky, clay‐rich surface layer with abundant desiccation cracks and other macropores, and a massive, clay‐rich sublayer that is saturated below ～1.0‐2.5 m. A bromide tracer was applied to study hydrological processes in the upper part of the CSA. Bromide infiltrated rapidly and perched on a massive, clay‐rich sublayer. Bromide concentrations decreased in the upper part of the profile without being transported vertically down through the lower part of the profile suggesting that bromide was lost to lateral rather than to vertical transport. Infiltration and lateral flow were rapid suggesting that preferential flow through desiccation cracks and other macropores likely dominates flow in the upper part of the CSA. Naturally occurring solute and stable isotope tracers were used to study the hydrological connectivity between the CSA and the surrounding hydrological landscape. Three‐end mass‐balance mixing model results indicate that shallow and/or deep CSA water can be found in all downgradient waters and must be as much as ～50% of some downgradient waters. Discharge from the CSA to the surrounding surface water‐bodies and surficial aquifer occurs laterally through the berms and/or vertically through the massive, clay‐rich sublayer. However, the precise flow paths from the CSA to the surrounding hydrological landscape are unclear and the fluxes remain unquantified, so the precise effects of CSAs on the hydrology of the surrounding hydrological landscape also remain unquantified.     

Hydrologic Calibration and Validation of SWAT in a Snow‐Dominated Rocky Mountain Watershed,Montana, U.S.A.1

Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been applied successfully in temperate environments but little is known about its performance in the snow‐dominated, forested, mountainous watersheds that provide much of the water supply in western North America. To address this knowledge gap, we configured SWAT to simulate the streamflow of Tenderfoot Creek (TCSWAT). Located in central Montana, TCSWAT represents a high‐elevation watershed with ～85% coniferous forest cover where more than 70% of the annual precipitation falls as snow, and runoff comes primarily from spring snowmelt. Model calibration using four years of measured daily streamflow, temperature, and precipitation data resulted in a relative error (RE) of 2% for annual water yield estimates, and mean paired deviations (Dv) of 36 and 31% and Nash‐Sutcliffe (NS) efficiencies of 0.90 and 0.86 for monthly and daily streamflow, respectively. Model validation was conducted using an additional four years of data and the performance was similar to the calibration period, with RE of 4% for annual water yields, Dv of 43% and 32%, and NS efficiencies of 0.90 and 0.76 for monthly and daily streamflow, respectively. An objective, regression‐based model invalidation procedure also indicated that the model was validated for the overall simulation period. Seasonally, SWAT performed well during the spring and early summer snowmelt runoff period, but was a poor predictor of late summer and winter base flow. The calibrated model was most sensitive to snowmelt parameters, followed in decreasing order of influence by the surface runoff lag, ground water, soil, and SCS Curve Number parameter sets. Model sensitivity to the surface runoff lag parameter reflected the influence of frozen soils on runoff processes. Results indicated that SWAT can provide reasonable predictions of annual, monthly, and daily streamflow from forested montane watersheds, but further model refinements could improve representation of snowmelt runoff processes and performance during the base flow period in this environment.     

不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷规律研究

针对雨水径流污染冲刷模型中降雨强度与污染物冲刷存在的时间差问题,采用有效降雨强度替代降雨强度,建立了径流污染物冲刷模型,并利用建立的模型对不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷进行了模拟。结果表明,模型对SS、COD、TN和TP模拟的相关系数R2平均为0.87、0.81、0.93和0.89,具有较高的模拟精度。SS、COD、TN和TP的冲刷系数分别为0.77、0.66、0.92和0.74 mm-1,TN的冲刷系数略高,但总体相差不大。SS、COD、TN和TP均显示了较强的初期冲刷效应,在有效降雨强度为4 mm时,截留初期雨水径流量的35%~40%,即可控制70%以上雨水径流污染物。建立的模型可应用于研究不透水表面的雨水径流污染物冲刷规律,为雨水径流污染物控制提供理论计算依据。