城市重大事故可持续应急的过程性特征研究

对城市重大事故应急的安全学内涵进行了研究,提出了城市重大事故可持续应急的概念.提出对于某个城市特定事故的应急响应过程,应该符合自组织规律,运用自组织理论建立了城市重大事故应急的可持续性模型.研究表明,城市重大事故应急的发展过程,按照其内部应急资源的响应速度,可以分为预防、预备、响应和恢复4个阶段,在理论上丰富了应急的内涵.同时指出了提高城市重大事故应急系统效能的途径.     

The psychological contracts of violation victims: A post‐violation model

Organizations may fail to keep their commitments to their employees, at times leading to psychological contract violation. Although many victims of violation remain with their employer despite such adverse experiences, little research exists on their responses in the aftermath of violation. This paper develops a post‐violation model to explain systematically how violation victims respond to and cope with violation and the effects this process has on their subsequent psychological contract. Central to post‐violation are the victims' beliefs regarding the likelihood of violation resolution and the factors affecting it. The model specifies how the victim engages in a self‐regulation process that results in an array of potential psychological contract outcomes. Possible outcomes include reactivation of the original pre‐violation contract, the formation of a new contract that may be more or less attractive than the original, or a state of dissolution wherein the victim fails to form a functional psychological contract with the employer. The research and practical implications of this model are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于AHPRS的露天矿边坡稳定性影响因素权重的确定

在分析边坡稳定影响因素的基础上,选取重度、内聚力、内摩擦角、边坡角、边坡高度、孔隙压力比6个影响边坡稳定的因素作为指标因子,提出利用层次分析法(AHP)和粗糙集理论(RS)相结合的方法(AHP-RS)进行指标权重的确定。经计算得出的指标权重按照从大到小的顺序排列为:内聚力、边坡角、内摩擦角、重度、边坡高度、孔隙压力比。AHP-RS作为一种主客观因素相结合的方法,能避免AHP的主观任意性及单独使用RS时出现权重为0的情况,所得结果能更准确地反映边坡的实际情况。     

员工不安全行为的尖点突变研究

为研究员工不安全行为的形成机理,在分析员工不安全行为影响因子的基础上,从突变理论出发,以员工的行为状态为状态变量,以安全意识与安全情景为控制变量,构建员工不安全行为的尖点突变模型.根据对北京、云南与河北的电力企业调研数据,利用统计突变模型的R语言程序包对员工不安全行为的尖点突变模型进行拟合.结果表明,安全情景为正则因子,安全意识为分裂因子,共同影响员工不安全行为的突变机制.伴随着员工不安全行为发生的双模态和自组织突变现象,可以有效地说明员工不安全行为的不连续性.同时,在安全管理实践中,员工不安全行为的预防作用大于治理.     

基于系统动力学的港口船舶通航风险成因耦合模型

为改善水上交通安全条件和有效避免风险事故的发生,需要研究港口船舶通航风险的形成机理。以港口船舶通航复杂性系统为视角,借助系统动力学方法进行港口船舶通航风险成因耦合仿真。首先,探讨港口水域船舶通航风险的形成原因及成因的相互影响和耦合类型;其次,基于港口水域船舶通航风险的人、船、环境与管理子系统构成因素,提出港口水域船舶通航风险成因之间的相互关系动力学流图;然后,建立非线性的系统动力学动态耦合模型,通过港口水域船舶通航风险成因耦合仿真,分析同质因素和异质因素的耦合作用。最后,结合青岛港船舶通航风险影响因素的数据,采用系统动力耦合模型进行港口水域船舶通航风险成因的耦合作用程度分析。结果表明:在港口船舶通航风险成因中双因素耦合作用下,与环境因素耦合造成的风险较大,特别是与交通环境因素耦合后风险大,且变异系数小。需要切实加强交通组织管理,从而降低客观因素的耦合程度,可有效避免通航事故,提高通航系统的安全可靠性。     

基于改进VIKOR的黄姜皂素生产工艺评价

为了对黄姜皂素产业主要生产工艺进行综合分析,找出最优生产工艺,建立了基于博弈论组合赋权的多准则妥协解排序(VIKOR)黄姜皂素生产工艺评价模型.首先,利用熵值法对原始数据进行分析,确定各评估准则的客观权重;然后,通过博弈论模型对主客观权重进行科学化组合,得到综合权重;最后,将该模型运用在黄姜皂素产业主要生产工艺的评价上,得到了4种生产工艺的综合排序.研究结果表明:博弈论组合赋权的VIKOR模型对4种生产工艺的评估结果与利用其他评估模型所得结果一致,该模型能全面考虑各项评估准则及评估对象与最优工艺和最劣工艺的关系,评估过程更为科学、完整;同时,其计算过程简洁,提高了评估效率.     

Bypassing the flush,creating new resources: analysing alternative sanitation futures in London

The flush toilet is an illogical form of sanitation from the point of view of water conservation, nutrient recovery and water pollution. Places such as London, with one of the oldest flushing toilet and sewer systems in the world, bears witness to the limits of its universal applicability through dwindling freshwater resources and polluted waterways. It is therefore important to develop new forms of sanitation infrastructure. An actor–network theory coevolution framework is used to explore and gain insights into the coevolution pathways for new types and paradigms of sanitation in London, where waterborne sanitation is currently prevalent. This approach shows that while flushing toilets are currently stable network configurations, there are coevolution pathways that would shift the system towards dry sanitation. The quantity of freshwater resources available for toilet flushing was the main actant cited for the development of these coevolution pathways.     

The influence of street level bureaucracy on the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment

A number of factors are critical to the implementation of measures identified through Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. This paper addresses the challenge of implementation from a street level perspective and studies the role of planners and their use of discretion in the SEA implementation process: in which way might planners hinder or facilitate the implementation of SEA? Which coping mechanisms and discretions are deliberately or unconsciously developed and used by the planners? The paper reviews the literature on street level bureaucracy (SLB) in order to identify both factors influencing the implementation behaviour of street level bureaucrats and their coping mechanism when confronted with these factors. Based upon the SLB theory, a case study explores the SLB behaviour involved in the implementation of the SEA of the Copenhagen spatial plan. The analysis shows a surprisingly high level of implementation of measures put forward in the SEA report, and underlines the role of planners at the front line of implementation, functioning as ‘innovators’ during the SEA process and the following implementation of measures. The paper documents the importance of examining planners’ role in SEA and their potential as levers for SEA implementation.     

套箍加固RC轴压中长柱的承载力理论研究∗

为研究套箍加固RC轴压中长柱的承载力理论计算分析方法,采用切线模量理论,根据材料本构关系和内外力平衡条件,推导了套箍加固RC轴压中长柱的弹塑性稳定承载力计算方法。将理论计算结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:理论计算值均低于实测值,且二者的偏差在15%以内。根据所推导的计算分析方法,研究了核心柱初始荷载水平β、柱子长细比l0/b、套箍层混凝土强度、套箍层配筋量四种参数对加固柱承载力Nu的影响规律,结果表明:Nu总体上随β增大而减小,当β<0.7时,减小趋势不够明显,β>0.7后,减小趋势变得明显;l0/b对Nu有明显影响,Nu随l0/b的增大而减小,但二者不是线性关系;Nu随套箍层混凝土强度提高而增大,随套箍层配筋量增大而增大。     

The power of reflection for would-be leaders: Investigating individual work reflection and its impact on leadership in teams

This paper examines the key role that individual work reflection plays in facilitating individuals' leadership in teams. Consistent with the functional perspective on leadership, we argue that individual work reflection allows individuals to better understand their team's needs, and therefore enact higher levels of task-, relational-, and change-oriented leadership behaviors and be more effective leaders in their teams. We first conducted a series of measure development studies to validate a measure of individual work reflection comprising four dimensions of reflection at work: goals-, methods-, relationships-, and self-focused reflection. Then, across two independent studies assessing individuals in self-managing teams over time, we found support for our theoretical model linking individual work reflection to peer-rated leadership behaviors (Main Studies 1 and 2) and leadership effectiveness (Main Study 2). In further support of our theorizing, Main Study 2 also indicates that individual work reflection shapes leadership behaviors and effectiveness via understanding the team's needs, beyond a wide range of related constructs (e.g., feedback seeking, mindfulness, and rumination), as well as commonly studied predictors of leadership behaviors (i.e., the Big Five). Our theory and empirical findings help advance insights on the role of individual work reflection in improving leadership outcomes in organizations.