A typology of time‐scale mismatches and behavioral interventions to diagnose and solve conservation problems

Ecological systems often operate on time scales significantly longer or shorter than the time scales typical of human decision making, which causes substantial difficulty for conservation and management in socioecological systems. For example, invasive species may move faster than humans can diagnose problems and initiate solutions, and climate systems may exhibit long‐term inertia and short‐term fluctuations that obscure learning about the efficacy of management efforts in many ecological systems. We adopted a management‐decision framework that distinguishes decision makers within public institutions from individual actors within the social system, calls attention to the ways socioecological systems respond to decision makers’ actions, and notes institutional learning that accrues from observing these responses. We used this framework, along with insights from bedeviling conservation problems, to create a typology that identifies problematic time‐scale mismatches occurring between individual decision makers in public institutions and between individual actors in the social or ecological system. We also considered solutions that involve modifying human perception and behavior at the individual level as a means of resolving these problematic mismatches. The potential solutions are derived from the behavioral economics and psychology literature on temporal challenges in decision making, such as the human tendency to discount future outcomes at irrationally high rates. These solutions range from framing environmental decisions to enhance the salience of long‐term consequences, to using structured decision processes that make time scales of actions and consequences more explicit, to structural solutions aimed at altering the consequences of short‐sighted behavior to make it less appealing. Additional application of these tools and long‐term evaluation measures that assess not just behavioral changes but also associated changes in ecological systems are needed.     

Determining Decision Thresholds and Evaluating Indicators when Conservation Status is Measured as a Continuum

Categorization of the status of populations, species, and ecosystems underpins most conservation activities. Status is often based on how a system's current indicator value (e.g., change in abundance) relates to some threshold of conservation concern. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves can be used to quantify the statistical reliability of indicators of conservation status and evaluate trade‐offs between correct (true positive) and incorrect (false positive) classifications across a range of decision thresholds. However, ROC curves assume a discrete, binary relationship between an indicator and the conservation status it is meant to track, which is a simplification of the more realistic continuum of conservation status, and may limit the applicability of ROC curves in conservation science. We describe a modified ROC curve that treats conservation status as a continuum rather than a discrete state. We explored the influence of this continuum and typical sources of variation in abundance that can lead to classification errors (i.e., random variation and measurement error) on the true and false positive rates corresponding to varying decision thresholds and the reliability of change in abundance as an indicator of conservation status, respectively. We applied our modified ROC approach to an indicator of endangerment in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (i.e., percent decline in geometric mean abundance) and an indicator of marine ecosystem structure and function (i.e., detritivore biomass). Failure to treat conservation status as a continuum when choosing thresholds for indicators resulted in the misidentification of trade‐offs between true and false positive rates and the overestimation of an indicator's reliability. We argue for treating conservation status as a continuum when ROC curves are used to evaluate decision thresholds in indicators for the assessment of conservation status. Determinación de Umbrales de Decisiones y Evaluación delos Indicadores cuando se Mide el Estado de de Conservación como un Continuo     

Synthesizing units as modeling tool for photosynthesizing organisms with photoinhibition and nutrient limitation

This paper develops a mechanistic ecological model of photosynthesis based on a synthesizing unit with terms for nutrient limitation and wavelength dependent photoinhibition. The model satisfactorily fits standard P-I data with a clear inhibitory impact of excess radiation. Furthermore, the model satisfactorily discriminates between the inhibitory impact of PAR, UVA and UVB. The inhibitory potential of UVA is less than 1 order of magnitude higher than that of PAR, whereas that of UVB is about 2 orders of magnitude higher than PAR. The model can also satisfactorily describe photosynthesis rates as a function of both PAR and environmental nitrate concentrations. At relatively low nutrient levels, the model produces a curve that ascends quickly to a near saturation level; this is a trend often observed in experimental data and described well by a hyperbolic tangent. The results in this paper suggest that nutrient limitation is an overlooked factor in the experimental design for obtaining P-I data. The SU model in this paper is the simplest possible model of photosynthesis with nutrient limitation and photoinhibition that is consistent with Dynamic Energy Budget theory, in which the model can be embedded to obtain dynamic properties.     

基于动态能力理论的维修综合能力评估研究

基于动态能力理论分析框架,将其与航空公司维修部门的实际情况相结合,提出了将维修综合能力评估分为配置资源的能力与部门拥有的资源上下两个层次的新的结构评估方法。建立了同时具有动态性与能力性的评估指标体系,并将动态能力理论中的过程、定位、路径用于配置资源的能力分析中。通过分析发现这种结合不仅使指标体系的划分拥有了先进的理论依据,而且也克服了传统指标体系研究缺乏动态性与能力性的局限。研究结果表明利用新的评估结构建立的指标体系是可行的,为维修综合能力评估提供了拥有先进理论依据的新思路。     

基于故障树与灰色模糊理论的城市CNG加气站安全评价

城市CNG加气站安全状况好坏,直接影响到整个城市天然气汽车的安全运行,为此提出运用故障树分析法与灰色模糊理论对城市CNG加气站进行安全状况分析。通过对站内危险因素的分析,建立了加气站主要系统的故障树,得到引起加气站主要系统失效的70个基本事件,建立加气站安全评价指标体系,利用专家评分法对指标进行评分,利用层次分析法计算各指标层次相对权重。运用灰色关联分析法,计算参评数据序列与标准数据序列的关联系数矩阵,即得出模糊评判矩阵。再由模糊理论得出加气站安全等级,并给出相应的日常安全工作重点。用该方法对常州市CNG加气站进行安全评价,得出安全等级为Ⅱ级,这与加气站实际运行状况相符,说明用该方法对加气站进行安全评价是有效的、可靠的,能够为城市CNG加气站安全管理提供依据。     

跨域治理理论比较与启示

我国幅员辽阔,有关公共事务的治理问题层出不穷,尤其在跨行政区域的公共事务治理上有效的治理手段捉襟见肘,这对我国的公共管理提出了严峻挑战.从跨域治理理论的兴起与发展人手,在详细分析三种跨域治理经典理论的基础上,比较了各种跨域治理理论的特征,总结出跨域治理理论对我国在此类问题上的几点启示.     

信息融合技术在火灾探测中的应用研究

为减少火灾探测中的误报警,基于信息融合技术对火灾传感器输出的信息进行处理。充分利用火灾探测系统的在线和离线数据,采用改进的主元分析法(PCA)、粗糙集(RS)理论、支持向量机(SVM)等3种方法的融合与互补,通过对系统的输入数据进行简化,消除原有信息的各分量之间的相关性,降低特征信息维数;实施最优最小约简,特征提取优化;构造自适应核函数,确定最优分类超平面,进行样本训练,获得火灾探测结果。从数据级、特征级、决策级3个层次上实现火灾信息融合。结果表明:该方法减少了融合过程中的信息损失,降低了计算的复杂性,有效地提高了火灾探测系统的可靠性和准确度。     

行人违章过街行为心理成因分析及预测

为深入了解行人在交叉口违章过街行为,调查影响行人在长周期信号控制交叉口违章过街的心理成因,采用计划行为理论(TPB)制作了行人违章过街心理行为问卷。利用此问卷,对上海居民进行过街违章心理研究,得到250个覆盖各年龄层的有效样本。信度效度分析验证了行人违章过街心理行为问卷能够用来解析行人的违章过街心理成因。在对问卷中自述违章过街行为和心理要素的聚类分析筛除明显隐瞒自身违章过街行为的行人后,对心理要素和现实行为违章行为进行判别分析。结果表明:问卷中2个TPB的心理要素:知觉行为控制和行为意向能够用来推测行人的实际违章行为,准确率为73.9%。其中,代表行人对交叉口交通情况和自身时间约束的心理要素知觉行为控制对行人违章行为有关键的影响。     

基于RS-SVM模型的煤与瓦斯突出多因素风险评价

为挖掘瓦斯突出风险与煤矿开采中各影响因素间的关系,应用支持向量机(SVM)理论从模式判别角度分析瓦斯突出风险与各地质因素组成的特征向量间的判别关系,基于粗糙集(RS)理论对待分析数据进行知识约简,提取核心判别指标,建立基于粗糙集-支持向量机(RS-SVM)的瓦斯突出风险判别模型。研究结果表明,RS知识约简方法可以很好地对原始数据中的冗余指标进行约简,通过对约简后指标数据进行SVM回归分析,可对煤与瓦斯突出模式进行很好的判别,所建立的瓦斯突出风险判别模型较一般SVM模型具有更高的预测精度,同时指标约简过程降低SVM运算中的复杂度,提高运算效率。     

基于灰色-马尔科夫链理论的建筑施工事故预测研究

我国建筑事故预测中具有统计数据少、数据波动性大等特点,缺乏具有高精度、可操作性强的预测模型。将灰色系统理论和马尔可夫原理相结合,充分发挥了灰色系统理论适用于小样本数据拟合和马尔可夫适合处理数据波动大的系统过程的优势,通过GM(1,1)模型的建立,提出一种适合建筑事故统计数据特点的灰色马尔可夫预测方法。将该方法应用于1994—2007年建筑施工事故次数分析,以此为基础对2008—2009年的建筑施工事故次数进行预测。研究结果表明:基于灰色马尔可夫理论建筑事故预测结果精度可达90%以上。