甘南高寒草甸植物群落物种多度分布特征

为分析甘南高寒草甸植物群落物种多度分布格局对海拔梯度的响应,探讨物种多样性的形成规律及维持机制,采用典型样地调查法采集数据信息,并通过RAD软件程序包对实验数据进行拟合分析.结果表明:植物群落物种多样性随海拔的升高呈现先增加后降低的"中间膨胀"模式,海拔3500m处群落物种多样性达到最大.利用5个模型对海拔梯度上全部物...     

提高电子元器件使用可靠性的方法

针对实际工作中元器件使用可靠性方面存在的问题．本文通过在实际工作的经验积累和技术研究总结,在电子元器件的选择与检测控制等方面,提出了提高电子元器件使用可靠性的方法。实践证明,这些方法可以直接应用于电子元器件的工程选择与检测控制。     

安阳市冬季观测期间PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为探究安阳市冬季PM_2.5的污染特征及来源,于2019年11月19—26日在安阳市3个站点(柏庄镇政府、红庙街小学、安阳师专)采集PM_2.5样品,并对PM_2.5质量浓度和无机元素、水溶性离子进行测定,利用正定矩阵因子模型(PMF)并结合大气污染源排放清单进行源解析。结果表明:观测期间安阳市的PM_2.5平均质量浓度为104.09μg/m³,水溶性离子平均质量浓度为48.9μg/m³,占PM_2.5质量浓度的46.9%。PMF解析结果为二次源58.9%、燃煤源15.7%、机动车排放源9.2%、扬尘源8.6%、工业源2.5%、其他源5.1%。结合2018年安阳市大气污染源排放清单对二次源贡献进行重新分配,得到安阳市PM_2.5主要贡献来自燃煤源29.8%、工业源28.5%、机动车源27.1%。后向轨迹聚类结果显示,安阳市气团输送路径主要有远距离传输、城市间输送和本地运输3类,其中本地运输占比最大,其次为正南和东南方向上的城...     

萃取-催化氧化光度法测定生物体中H2O2含量研究

提出萃取-催化氧化光度法测定生物体中H2O2含量的新方法.用稀土催化H2O2产生羟基自由基以氧化二苯基碳酰二肼,生成红色二苯基碳酰腙,其最大吸收波长为563.0nm;当二苯基碳酰二肼浓度一定时,△A563与H2O2含量呈量效关系.在0～30μmol/L H2O2 含量范围内,该法能简单、快速、精确地测定生物样品中H2O2实际含量.     

基于PMF模型的PM2.5中金属元素污染及来源的区域特征分析

金属元素是大气PM_2.5的重要组成成分,对人群危害性极强且兼具源特异性,分析不同经济模式地区大气细颗粒物中金属污染状况及来源差异,可以为科学规划城市产业布局和保护大气环境提供参考.通过霾/非霾期大气PM_2.5采样,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定成都市及仁寿县样品中18种金属元素质量浓度,分析其污染水平,并基于正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析两地大气PM_2.5中金属元素的来源.结果表明,成都市扬尘源、移动源和燃煤源特征元素占元素总和的比值大于仁寿县,而仁寿县生物质燃烧源、工业源以及燃油源特征元素占比则较高.两地Cr、Cd和As元素浓度均超标,表明PM_2.5中重金属污染严重.随着霾污染加剧,两地PM_2.5中金属元素总量上升,但增幅远低于PM_2.5浓度增长.此外,不同元素在霾期和非霾期浓度比值存在差异,成都市变化范围为0.7(Al)～2.8(Ba),仁寿县介于0.8(Al)～3.1(Mn)之间,但总的来说两地大致呈现出燃煤和工业活动排放元...     

北京蔬菜地土壤中抗生素抗性基因与可移动元件的分布特征

为揭示北京地区蔬菜土壤中抗生素抗性基因与可移动元件的分布特征应用高通量荧光定量PCR方法(HT-qPCR),选取北京3个区5个蔬菜基地进行调查研究.在蔬菜基地土壤中共检测到92～121种抗生素抗性基因,4～6种可移动元件,抗生素抗性基因及可移动元件按区分开.各蔬菜基地中共有且丰度较高的抗生素抗性基因型为:多重耐药类oprD、acrA-04和acrA-05,大环内酯类-林肯酰胺类-链阳性菌素B类抗生素抗性基因(MLSB)酰胺酶类fox5,万古霉素类vanC-03;共有可移动元件为intI1.蔬菜基地土壤中共检测到7种抗生素,含量较高的抗生素种类为恩诺沙星(ENR)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、土霉素(OTC)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX).顺义区S1与S2蔬菜基地土壤中抗生素的种类与丰度均最高,依次是通州区T蔬菜基地、昌平区C2与C1蔬菜基地.相关性分析表明,蔬菜基地土壤中抗生素抗性基因丰度与抗生素丰度存在显著正相关(P <0.05).研究结果可为后续控制抗生素抗性基因的传播提供基础理论数据.     

Ecological features of species range formation in the Altai snowcock

Ecological conditions for the Altai snowcock and the history of formation of its range in the Altai-Sayan mountain region are discussed. The range of this species extends mainly over mountain massifs surrounding the Great Lakes Basin in western Mongolia and the Tuva Basin. These regions are characterized by broken relief with steep slopes. Snowcocks populate both humid high-mountain areas of the Alpine type and dry-steppe areas in middle and low mountains. Expansion of this species to the Altai-Sayan region is attributed to Miocene-Pliocene aridization well manifested in central Asia. The recent distribution of the Altai snowcock over different altitudinal belts is explained by alternation of glaciations and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene and anthropogenic impact in the Holocene. The total abundance of this rare species is estimated at 10000–12000 individuals.     

TOXIC TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION IN GROUND WATERS AROUND PATANCHERU AND BOLARAM INDUSTRIAL AREAS, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA: A GRAPHICAL APPROACH

Patancheru and Bolaram are satellite industrial towns nearHyderabad with over 300 large andmedium scale pharmaceutical, heavy engineering, paints, paperand chemical factories. The industriesof the area generate a cumulative 8 × 10⁶ l/day ofeffluents which are being directly dischargedon to surrounding land, irrigation fields, and surface waterbodies which finally enter into theNakkavagu River a tributary of the Manzira River. The presentstudy on abundance and distributionpattern of toxic trace elements indicates the quantitativeaspect of pollution in the Nakkavagu Basin.Migration patterns drawn for TDS, toxic elements such as Cu,As, Se, Zn, B, Cr and iron indicate thatpollutants discharged by the industries are entering thesurface and groundwater system (aquifers) andare also migrating towards the Manzira River furtherdeteriorating the entire hydrological setup of the area.Entry and dispersion of pollutants in the hydrological systemis shown by distribution diagrams. Aconservative estimate indicates that the effect of pollutantson the agricultural lands and water bodiesextends 0.25 to 0.5 km to either side of the Nakkavagu Riverover a length of 25 km. In addition tothis, the movement of pollutants with ground water in thedownstream direction worsened thehydrological system and increased the possibility ofgeo-accumulation of pollutants in biota. Openwells, dug wells and tanks have become useless and redundantas the concentrations of Cu, Se, As,B, Cr and Fe have increased to 5 to 10 times the permissiblelimits. Several villages have beenaffected by the toxic pollutants in the area. The groundwatersystem is polluted over a large area asshown in elemental migration diagrams and is not potable.Tentatively an area of 20 sq km can becategorized as the worst affected by various pollutants.     

Elemental Analysis of Water and Sediments by External Beam Pixe Part 3: Axios (Vardar) River, Greece

The Axios (Vardar) River originates from the south west part of Yugoslavia, transverses Greece, and discharges into the Thermaikos bay in the north Aegean Sea.

The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method with external beam was used for the elemental analysis of water and sediment samples, while measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, conductivity, pH, and the water flow were made in situ. Water samples were also analysed for total phosphates, nitrates, chlorophyll, and BOD. The data collected for a 16-month period indicate that the Axios River is polluted as far as the metal content is concerned; its primary productivity is low and it is slightly enriched during its course into the Greek territory.     

Behaviour of Chemical Elements in Plants and Soils

Neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of the elemental composition of different plants and soils. Variations in concentrations of elements during the day were found. Mean concentrations, standard deviations and relationships between elements in soils and different parts of plants were studied. It was shown that the behaviour of chemical elements in samples from urban and unpolluted areas have significant differences.