城市污水中硝化菌群落结构与性能分析

对西安市第二和第三污水处理厂进水中硝化菌群落结构与性能进行调查分析.荧光原位杂交结果发现,进水中氨氧化菌(AOB)优势菌为Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis lineage;亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的优势菌均为Nitrospira,次优势菌为Nitrobacter,且与Nitrococcus、Nitrospina并存.二污及三污进水中硝化菌个数占总细菌数(AOB+NOB)/EUB的平均个数百分比分别为(5.35±2.1)%和(6.0±2.8)%;在曝气2~16h后,活性基本恢复,最大氨氧化速率分别为(0.32±0.12)mg·(L·h)-1和(0.43±0.17)mg·(L·h)-1,亚硝酸盐氧化速率为(0.71±0.18)mg·(L·h)-1和(0.58±0.27)mg·(L·h)-1.因此,城市污水中含有活性硝化菌,对活性污泥系统有自然的连续接种作用,根据进水及活性污泥中硝化活性可以估算出城市污水中AOB与NOB对活性污泥的连续接种强度分别为0.08~0.09 g·(g·d)-1和0.11~0.24 g·(g·d)-1.     

水平潜流人工湿地系统处理微污染原水的研究

采用水平潜流人工湿地系统处理微污染原水,同时考察了水力停留时间、温度、水力负荷以及植物的生长状况等对人工湿地系统处理效果的影响。结果表明,水平潜流人工湿地系统对微污染原水有较好的处理效果,COD、TP、TN、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N的平均去除率分别为51.55%、49.90%、51.74%、 47.36%、52.67%和63.23%。按照国家地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002）,经过湿地处理后,出水COD平均值达到Ⅰ类;出水TP平均值达到Ⅱ类;出水TN平均值基本接近Ⅳ类;出水NH⁺₄-N平均值达到Ⅱ类。另外,研究表明, 本系统在水力停留时间为3 d时,水力负荷为0.2 m/d处理效果最好,温度的变化与污染物的去除率呈正相关关系,植物生长旺盛程度直接影响着整个系统的处理效果。     

High-recycled-content hydraulic cements of alternative chemistry for concrete production

Sustainable hydraulic cements based on alkali aluminosilicate chemistry were developed with market-limited wastes acting as the primary aluminosilicate precursors. Two sets of formulations were developed with waste brick or impounded coal ash used at relatively large volume as aluminosilicate precursors. Supplementary materials were used to produce raw materials of viable chemistry. Blends of raw materials were transformed into hydraulic cements by input of mechanical energy without resorting to elevated temperatures. The resultant hydraulic cements exhibited viable strength development characteristics. FTIR, SEM, EDS and NMR analyses were conducted in order to gain insight into the structure of the hydraulic cements and their hydration products. The results pointed at the prevalence of calcium aluminosilicate hydrates among the products of hydration which thoroughly bound the non-hydrated cores of cement particles.     

藻类的三维荧光光谱辨别及算法研究

采用三维荧光技术分析了栅藻,微囊藻和小环藻的色素组成.通过对3种藻的特殊激发谱线的分析,采用435,485,525,630nm作为叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素c与藻蓝胆素的特征激发波长,采用684nm作为发射波长,建立了3种藻叶绿素浓度与藻密度的荧光强度矩阵方程.根据水样的标准荧光光谱和4个激发波长可以计算出每种藻类的叶绿素浓度与藻密度.     

聚硅硫酸铝(PASS)的制备及其实际应用

以硅酸钠、硫酸铝及氢氧化钠等为原料,将硅酸钠在碱性条件下预聚,然后在快速搅拌下加到硫酸铝水溶液中,用氢氧化钠等碱性物质与混合液聚合而形成聚合铝硅混凝剂(PASS)。这种混凝剂在处理微污染饮用原水、富营养化湖水及再生纸生产废水时有较好的去除效果,具有广泛的应用前景。     

超临界流体萃取固体物料动力学模型的研究进展(英文)

文章总结与讨论了超临界流体萃取固体物料的动力学模型。这些动力学模型包括经验模型,基于热传递类推的模型以及基于微分质量平衡的模型。所有这些都有助于实现过程的数学模拟放大,有助于投资前的经济预算,有效减小投资风险,也可作为超临界流体萃取过程的研究手段,减少实验探索的工作量。     

基于Adaboost集成BP网络原煤生产成本预测研究

为了提高传统BP神经网络预测模型精度,避免BP网络容易陷入局部极值、收敛速度慢等问题,将BP神经网络与Ada-boost算法相结合,提出了一种Adaboost集成BP神经网络模型.结合磁县观台煤矿原煤生产成本相关数据,建立了原煤生产成本预测的Adaboost集成BP神经网络模型,将该模型用于实际的原煤成本预测.结果表明：该模型预测精度高于传统的BP神经网络,收敛速度快,具有较强的鲁棒性,预测精度能满足实际预测需要,为原煤生产成本预测提供了一种新的途径,也为原煤生产成本控制提供了重要依据.     

饮用原水中微量NH_3-N的生物膜脱除

针对NH3-N浓度为1mg.l-1的饮用原水,分别以硅锰砂石和聚胺脂海绵作为硝化生物膜载体,考察了自制固定床生物膜反应器的脱氨效果.30d的连续运行结果表明,砂石载体系统达到95%—100%的NH3-N去除率,出水NH3-N浓度接近0,出水NO2--N浓度在0—0.02mg.l-1之间;而海绵载体系统虽然挂膜快,但运行阶段NH3-N去除率仅为10%—35%,出水NH3-N不能达标,且具有生物可降解性,反硝化过程优先导致NO2--N的积累.进一步考察了硅锰砂石生物膜系统稳定运行的最优参数,得出试验条件下,水力停留时间为6min,气水比为1:1,反冲洗周期为6d.硅锰砂石因其良好的孔隙率、粒径分布和密度等物理特性,以及化学稳定性和生物安全性,是含低浓度NH3-N原水生物膜净化的良好载体选择.     

民用燃煤烟气中甲基多环芳烃的排放特征

利用全流稀释烟气采样系统,对20个煤/炉组合方式(涉及4种烟煤和1种无烟煤、块煤和蜂窝煤2种燃烧方式、3种北方地区常用的炉灶类型)的燃烧烟气进行了采样和分析,获取了多环芳烃的排放因子数据.针对具有更强“三致”作用的甲基多环芳烃(A-PAHs)的排放特征进行讨论,并与原煤的有机溶剂抽提物进行对比.结果表明,不同煤种和燃烧方式的8种A-PAHs排放因子(EFA-PAHs)差别显著,其中,烟煤在块煤与蜂窝煤两种燃烧方式下的变化范围分别为0.5~1.6mg/kg和63.9~100.1mg/kg,无烟煤以块煤与蜂窝煤燃烧的EFA-PAHs分别为0.1mg/kg和67.3mg/kg;蜂窝煤的平均EFA-PAHs比块煤高约2个数量级,说明作为洁净煤技术被推广使用的蜂窝煤燃烧方式存在“不洁净”的方面,应引起重视.对比原煤抽提物中A-PAHs的变化特征,可知燃煤烟气中的A-PAHs部分来自于煤的受热挥发,具有原煤的一些特征,但是更多的A-PAHs来自于燃烧过程中的高温裂解反应.     

A comparitive study between the coal-biomass briquette and raw coal in SO2 pollution and adverse effects in rabbits

This study was conducted to evaluate the adverse health effects on rabbits exposed to SO₂ emitted indoors from burning coals, and compare differences between coal-biomass briquette (B.B.) and raw coal (R.C.). Thirty-six male rabbits were divided equally into three groups at random, and then exposed to burning R.C., B.B., and the third without burning coal (Control) for 90 days. Data showed that the average concentration of SO₂ in 24?h in R.C. was 13.04?mg?m^?3, which was 5-fold greater than B.B. (2.68?mg?m^?3) and 31-fold higher than control (0.41?mg?m^?3). After 45 days, the numbers of rabbits, with increased frequency of Comet cell was highest in R.C. After 90 days, the % positive Comet cell was significant at 10.36% in R.C., 5.42% in B.B., and 1.73% in Control. There was a nonlinear dose–effect relationship between % positive Comet cell and the concentration of SO₂. The incidence of interstitial pneumonia was 6/12 in R.C. and 4/12 in B.B. showing severe squamous metaplasia with atypical hyperplasia in bronchial epithelia in R.C. animals. The results of study indicate that use of B.B. reduced the emission of SO₂; but the smoke emitted from burning coal still produced DNA damage.