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921.
以东江、西江和北江3种原水为研究对象,采用臭氧预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭系列处理,研究原水中有机物的去除及臭氧化副产物的产生和转化。结果表明,东江、西江和北江水中CODMn、UV254、甲醛和溴酸盐沿各处理单元过程变化规律基本一致;CODMn总去除率分别为60%、51%和39%,UV254总去除率分别为74%、96%和97%,最终出水甲醛浓度分别为0.004 mg/L、0 mg/L和0 mg/L,BrO3-分别为3.1 μg/L、8.7 μg/L和35.5 μg/L;CODMn的去除主要在预臭氧和活性炭过滤2个处理单元,预臭氧对UV254总去除率贡献最大,甲醛和溴酸盐浓度在主臭氧处理单元达到其峰值(西江甲醛除外);氨氮和有机物浓度较低、pH值较高的北江原水,出水溴酸盐浓度最高。 相似文献
922.
Ahmad Mayyas Abdel Raouf Mayyas Ala Qattawi Qin Shen 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2014,7(3):200-213
The aim of this study is to develop a material selection framework structured around a knowledge-based system (KBS). Specifically, a hybrid data mining technique is employed to extract knowledge from large datasets using cluster analysis techniques; the mined knowledge then serves as the inference logic within the KBS designed for material selection purposes. Cluster analysis results are used as a basis for the tree-based structure of the KBS where if–then rules are developed based on the general cluster properties; that is, inference logic is structured in a way such that it can predict general sustainability characteristics of the material as well as its exact mechanical, cost and physical properties. To develop the structure of the KBS, the selection structure employs sustainable material indices. Additionally, the proposed material selection model of the KBS is purposefully composed of material sustainability, functionality and cost indices. The constructed knowledge is then demonstrated for selecting automobile structural panels. 相似文献
923.
Phosphorus (P) loading from non-point or point sources increases the eutrophication risk of natural waters. The functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs) used as natural water treatment systems can be improved by means of additional materials adsorbing soluble P. In this study, light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) and LECA coated with aluminum (Al) oxide (Al-LECA) or iron (Fe) oxide (Fe-LECA) were tested for their efficiency as P sorbents in the pH range 3–8. The oxide coatings duplicated the actual sorption capacity calculated from the sorption isotherms at the P concentration in the equilibrium solution of 20 μg L−1, assumed to be the allowable P level in purified water. In the oxide-coated LECAs the sorption was fast and followed both the first- and second-order Lagergren kinetic models, suggesting that the formation of a binuclear surface complex was feasible. In LECA, sorption was markedly slower and followed the first-order kinetic model, indicating that retention occurred through a monodentate attachment. These findings were in harmony with the degree of P saturation (DPS) of the sorbent surfaces at the highest P addition level (200 μg L−1), DPS being decisively higher for LECA than for the oxide-coated sorbents. Accordingly, at higher pH values the competition by hydroxyl ions diminished the sorption in LECA relatively more than that in the coated sorbents. In agreement with the acidity of Al3+ being 100 times lower than that of Fe3+, at elevated pH the sorption by Al-LECA proved to be less reversible than that by Fe-LECA. The results provide evidence that in CWs Al-coated sorbents are superior to Fe-coated ones that are also redox-sensitive and may lose their sorption properties in anoxic conditions. 相似文献
924.
Evaluating Controlling Factors to Ali/(Ca + Mg) Molar Ratio in Acidic Soil Water, Southern and Southwestern China: Multivariate Approach 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Guo JH Zhang XS Vogt RD Xiao JS Zhao DW Xiang RJ Luo JH 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,129(1-3):321-329
Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in soil water has been used as an indicator to the effects of acid deposition on terrestrial ecosystems.
However, the main factors controlling this ratio have not been well documented in southern and southwestern China. In this
study, we presented the variation in inorganic aluminum (Ali) and Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in different sites and soil horizons based on two to three years monitoring data, and evaluated the
main factors controlling Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio using principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression. Monitoring data
showed although Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratios in most soil water were lower than assumed critical 1.0, higher molar ratios were found in some soil
water at TSP and LXH site. Besides acid loading, both soil properties and soil water chemistry affected the value of Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in soil water. Partial least square (PLS) indicated that they had different relative importance in
different soil horizons. In A-horizon, soil aluminum saturation (AlS) had higher influence on Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio than soil water chemistry did; higher soil aluminum saturation (AlS) led to higher Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in soil water. In the deeper horizons (i.e., B1-, B2- and BC-horizon), inorganic aluminum (Ali) in soil water had more and more important role in regulating Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio. On regional scale, soil aluminum saturation (AlS) as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) was the
dominant factor controlling Ali/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio. This should be paid enough attention on when making regional acid rain control policy in China. 相似文献
925.
Background, Aim and Scope
Acid deposition has become a concern in south China in recent years. This phenomenon has increased to a dramatic extent with
the large use of cars and coal- fueled power plants. As a consequence, soils are becoming acidified and their element dynamics
will change. A decrease in the nutrient availability will lead to slower plant growth and maybe to a change in the forest
type with current species being replaced by new ones with less nutrient requirements. Because of these reasons, it is important
to understand how the dynamics of elements will change and what mechanism is part of the process. This knowledge is important
for modeling the acidification process and either finding ways to counter it or to predict its consequences. The primary purpose
of this study was to provide information about how the dynamics of K, Na, Ca, Mg and P are affected by acid deposition in
a typical forest in southern China.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental soils and saplings were collected directly from the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan. All
saplings were transplanted individually into ceramic pots in August 2000 and placed in an open area near their origin site.
Pot soils were treated weekly from October, 2000 to July, 2002 with an acidic solution at pH 3.05, pH 3.52, pH 4.00 or pH
4.40, or with tap water as a control. The concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and available P and the pH were
measured in soil and leachate samples taken at different times. The sapling leaves were collected and their element concentrations
were measured at the end of the experiment.
Results:
Concentrations of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg decreased quickly over time, although only Ca showed changes with the acidic
solution treatment and soil exchangeable K was stable because of soil weathering. Leaching of K, Mg and Ca was dependent upon
the treatment acidity. Soil available P decreased slowly without any correlation with the acidity of the treatment. All the
NO3- added by the treatment was taken up by the plants, but the SO42- added accumulated in the soil.
Discussion:
Amongst the plant species, Schima superba was little affected by the treatment, the leaf P content was affected in Acmena
acuminatissima plants and Cryptocarya concinna was the most susceptible species to soil acidification, with a marked decrease
of the leaf K, Ca and Mg concentrations when the treatment acidity increased.
Conclusions:
Simulated acid deposition affected the dynamics of K, Ca and Mg in the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest. The dynamics
of Ca in the soil and of K, Mg and Ca in the soil leachates were affected by the acidic solution treatment. If such a soil
acidification occurs, Cryptocarya concinna will be amongst the first affected species, but Schima superba will be able to
sustain a good growth and mineral nutrition.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
Acid deposition will lead to imbalance the nutrient elements in the evergreen broad-leaved forest because of accelerated leaching
losses of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg. Measures should be developed to slow down soil acidification or nutrient decrease. 相似文献
926.
927.
纳米材料在痕量重金属离子测定中的应用 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
介绍了纳米材料的吸附性能,评述了影响其分离富集重金属离子效果的主要因素,综述了纳米金属氧化物、碳纳米管及其他纳米材料在痕量重金属离子测定中的应用进展,提出提高纳米吸附材料的选择性和稳定性,开发便携式商品化的纳米材料萃取小柱是今后的发展方向. 相似文献
928.
929.
介绍了环境监测标准滤膜、标准滤筒、模拟降尘的制备方法、使用方法、实际效果。阐述了滤膜中铅、土壤样品、底泥(沉积物)、污水厂处理污泥等留样的来源、必要性及作用。探讨了滤膜中铅留样复测质控的评判依据。 相似文献
930.