The biochemical activity of soil contaminated with fungicides

Excess fungicides can pose a serious threat to the soil environment. Fungicides can lower the microbiological and biochemical activity of soil and lead to yield declines. Soils contaminated with fungicides have to be remediated to maintain the optimal function of soil ecosystems. This study evaluates the effect of neutralizing substances on soil enzymatic activity and the yield of Triticum aestivum L. in soil contaminated with fungicides. Sandy loam (Eutric Cambisols) with pH_KCl 7.0 was contaminated with an aqueous solution of Amistar 250 SC and Falcon 460 EC in the following doses: 0 (soil without fungicide – treated as a control), RD (dose recommended by the manufacturer) and 300?×?RD (dose 300-fold higher than the recommended dose). Soil was supplemented with bentonite and basalt meal at a dose of 10?g kg^?1 DM of soil (dry mass of soil). The fungicide dose recommended by the manufacturer did not induce changes in soil enzymatic activity or the yield of T. aestivum L. Our findings indicate that the tested fungicides can be safely applied to protect crops against fungal pathogens. However, when applied at the dose of 300?×?RD, the tested fungicides strongly inhibited soil enzymatic activity and disrupted the growth and development of spring wheat. Soil supplementation with bentonite and basalt meal improved the yield of T. aestivum L., and bentonite was more effective in reducing fungicide stress. The analyzed substances were not highly effective in restoring biochemical homeostasis in soil.     

接触角测量中型煤与原煤的适用性研究

为了分析成型煤粉法与原煤研磨法对煤样接触角测量结果的影响,按照成型煤粉法与原煤研磨法制备试验所用煤样试片,并采用蒸馏水及不同种类、不同浓度的表面活性剂对2种试样的接触角进行测量。研究结果表明:在本试验所用的任意一种溶液下,采用成型煤粉法所测得的表面接触角比采用原煤研磨法所测得的表面接触角小;通过对比型煤与原煤的吸水率,发现原煤的吸水率远小于型煤的吸水率;采用原煤研磨法所测得的接触角较为准确;成型煤粉法较适用于无法制得原煤煤样试片的接触角测量。     

阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化法预处理微污染原水

随着库区经济的发展,大量点源或面源污染物未经有效处理便直接排入水体致使许多可作为生活饮用水的水源变成了"微污染"水源,鉴于常规的预处理工艺不能很好地适应现有"微污染"水源水质的变化,采用挂膜成功的阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化法对微污染水源水进行预处理实验研究,并与挂膜成功的组合介质生物接触氧化法进行对比,结果表明,阿科蔓介质挂膜速度较快,效果较好,且对水源水质的变化具有较好的适应性,是微污染水原水质改善较为理想的人工介质;对于相同的微污染水源,阿科蔓介质的处理效果明显优于组合介质且处理效果良好,其对"微污染"水源水中TN、氨氮、COD和总磷的平均去除率分别为67.4%、87.2%、54.1%和40.1%,其中较适宜的阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化预处理进水溶解氧浓度为4.0~6.0 mg/L。阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化不失为一种开展饮用水源地生态防护与饮用水质改善的技术。     

On "China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials" case in terms of DSB's interpretations

The Appellate Body report in January 2012 had supported the decision of Panel in the"China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)and affirmed that China's restrictions(such as tariffs and quota measures)on the exportation of raw materials violated rules put forth by the WTO,which were required to be modified.In this case China's right to invoke Article 20 of GATT1994("general exception")to justify its exemption from the guidelines in Article 11.3 of the WTO Accession Protocol was denied by the Panel and the Appellate Body.This was due to the fact that the phrasing in Article 11.3 of Protocol failed to mention"GATT."This was the consequence of the two interpretation approaches the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB)adopted-a narrow textual interpretation and a subjective presumption of"legislative silence."The inappropriate use of the two methods of interpretation lead to an imbalance between the right and obligation of China under the additional obligations that were imposed upon China by the WTO,which create a negative impact on China's rare earth case and the protection of domestic natural resources.     

Insecticidal activity of raw ethanolic extracts from Magnolia dealbata Zucc on a tephritid pest

Ethanolic extracts from Magnolia dealbata (Zucc.) (Magnoliaceae); leaves, bark, seeds, sarcotesta and flowers were evaluated for insecticidal activity against adults of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Using feeding bioassays composed from sugar-extract mixtures, only the extract from sarcotesta indicated insecticidal activity against the flies. The extracts from the other four plant tissues (leaves, bark, seeds and flowers) did not manifest any biological activity. The most effective extract was obtained from oven-dried sarcotesta, whereas extracts from fresh sarcotesta were inactive. Our results suggest that M. dealbata sarcotesta contains secondary metabolites with insecticidal activity against A. ludens adults. These metabolites are as potent as natural pyrethins and represent a potential substance for controlling this type of pest.     

生物流化床预处理对饮用水致突变活性的影响

以Ｃ市市区内受污染的Ｎ河水为原水,在实验室内建立起生物流化床预处理－－传统工艺的组合净水工艺。对原水,传统工艺,生物流化床预处理,组合工艺的出水及其相应的氯化出水Ａｍｅｓ试验致突变性研究。以ＲＭ和水样比活性表示,非氯化水样的结果表明：传统工艺和生物预处理都会使原水的致突变性有所提高,后者的增幅大于前者;生物预处理能使两类致突变物尤其是碱基置换型致突变物发生有利于被后续传统工艺去除的变化,使组合工艺     

新形势下再生原料进口制度改革初探

禁止进口固体废物是我国打击“洋垃圾”入境的重要举措。固体废物与再生原料界限模糊导致政策实施过程中存在执行难度,固体废物属性鉴别作为技术手段难以完全应对,进口制度需要进一步改革。通过对进口固体废物及再生原料管理政策分析,再结合固体废物属性鉴别过程中的实际难题,梳理出制度体系不完善、标准规范不健全、技术水平欠缺三方面的问题。为防止固体废物冒充再生原料入境,提出构建完善新型制度体系、建立健全标准规范、加强能力建设等具体举措。     

强化混凝与活性炭联用处理赣江微污染水源水试验

采用强化混凝与活性炭联用技术对赣江微污染水源水处理进行试验研究。试验结果表明,强化混凝与活性炭联用较常规工艺能减小出水浊度,显著提高CODMn和UV254的去除率,并有效控制出水余铝含量。原水CODMn为4.10~4.25mg/L左右,UV254为0.2~0.3mg/L时,中试系统出水浊度降低了12%左右,出水CODMn和UV254分别为0.5~0.7mg/L和0.015~0.025mg/L,各自去除率较传统工艺分别提高了36%和40%左右。试验出水余铝浓度均<0.2mg/L,NH3-N去除率没有明显提高。     

原水添加比例对猪场废水厌氧消化液后处理的影响

采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理猪场废水厌氧消化液,研究添加原水(配水)比例对处理性能的影响.连续动态试验表明,配水30%的处理,出水NH₃-N浓度低,一般在10　mg/L以下;配水10%、20%处理的出水NH₃-N浓度逐渐升高,至试验结束时,出水NH₃-N分别达300　mg/L和80　mg/L左右.主要是因为配水30%的反应系统,pH能稳定在7.7左右,而配水10%、20%的反应系统,pH逐渐下降直至降到5.5以下.1个运行周期的监测表明,配水10%、20%、30%的处理,NO^-₂-N峰值、NH₃-N低值分别出现在曝气第4　h、第3　h、第2　h.配水比例越大,NH₃-N氧化速度越快,原因是配水比例越高,反硝化程度越高,系统pH也越高.批式反硝化试验表明,BOD₅/TN越高,反硝化速率越快.动态和批式试验都说明,消化液好氧后处理系统正常运行的配水比必须达到30%以上.     

上海市从源头到龙头的饮用水新型污染物分布特征及健康风险评价

通过监测饮用水新型污染物从源头到龙头的分布情况,研究明确了藻毒素、内分泌干扰物和抗生素三类新型污染物在各供水环节中的浓度情况,并对各类新型污染物对人体的健康风险开展评价工作.结果表明,进厂水中的藻毒素主要以MC-RR和MC-LR为主,内分泌干扰物仅为双酚S和雌酮两种.经过水厂处水工艺后,上述污染物可得到有效的去除.监测期间,除2020年1月检出磺胺类抗生素,其余时段的抗生素类型主要以氟甲砜霉素(FF)为主.FF的去除效果对氯的形态有较明显的相关性,自由氯消毒相对于化合氯消毒,对FF的去除效果较为良好.藻毒素的风险度、内分泌干扰物的非致癌风险值和抗生素的风险商值均远小于1,尤其在二次供水环节,表明这三类饮用水新型污染物对人体健康均不构成直接威胁.