热带海洋大气环境下X70管线钢的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的研究X70管线钢在热带海洋大气实海环境下的缝隙腐蚀行为。方法在距离湛江东海岛海岸50m和200 m处分别搭建楔型缝隙模型,安装大气环境Cl-收集装置和自动气象监测站。结果距离海岸越近,风速越大,大气中Cl-沉降速率也越大,X70管线钢缝隙腐蚀越严重。X70管线钢在距离海岸50 m处发生缝隙腐蚀的最大缝宽约为0.96 mm,200 m处最大缝宽约为3.75 mm,50 m处缝隙腐蚀更严重。结论缝隙腐蚀区域形成了氧浓差电池,同时随着缝隙液中Cl-向缝隙内迁移,发生闭塞区电池自催化过程,在二者共同作用下,缝隙腐蚀区域较非缝隙腐蚀区域腐蚀更严重。     

工业园区综合难降解废水深度处理实验研究

某工业园区综合废水处理厂设计规模5.0×104m3/d,原设计出水执行《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,需将出水标准提高到一级A排放标准.分别采用混凝沉淀法和高级氧化法深度处理二级生化出水.小试试验结果表明:二级生化出水CODcr在62~75 mg/L左右,PAC、Al2(SO4)3及PFS三种絮凝沉淀药剂处理出水CODcr去除效果均不明显,不能稳定达到一级A排放标准.芬顿催化氧化的pH=5,FeSO4+H2O2投加量为(200+100)mg/L;臭氧氧化的O3投加量33 mg/L,其出水CODcr均能达到一级A排放标准.     

水溶液中臭氧和溴离子的反应研究

为探明O3氧化Br-的反应机制,采用离子色谱、PDA紫外-可见光度仪研究了水中Br-被O3氧化的反应过程.离子色谱分析表明,被氧化的Br-中只有约10%被O3氧化成BrO3-.进一步研究表明,除了生成BrO3-外,Br-被O3氧化过程中还产生了Br2,Br2又与溶液中存在的Br-结合形成Br3-,并首次得到了Br3-的吸收光谱,测得Br3-的最大吸收峰λmax为260 nm,提出了Br-与O3的基元反应.该研究补充和完善了O3氧化Br-的反应机制,也为O3处理含Br-水时Br-的归趋提供了有益信息.     

关于医疗垃圾飞灰中二噁英在惰性气氛下的低温热脱附研究

以医疗垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器前管道内飞灰(BG)及布袋除尘器后飞灰(AG)为对象,研究不同温度及时间段下其在管式炉中的热脱附特性.结果表明,在低温氮气气氛下,热脱附作用较为明显,2种飞灰中的二噁英都有了不同程度的脱除,其中布袋前飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为82.9%～99.9%之间,毒性当量脱除率为77.3%～99.8%,布袋后飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为66.8%～99.8%之间,毒性当量脱除率为43.5%～99.6%.检测收集到的实验尾气,发现了二噁英的存在,且在300～350℃这个温度段生成量最多,且生成的有毒二噁英同系物中以OCDD为主.通过比较发现,当温度为400℃,加热时间为45 min时2种飞灰中的二噁英脱除效率最高.鉴于惰性气氛下的热脱附对处理飞灰中的二噁英具有较好的作用,可将其大规模应用于实际工程中.     

土壤重金属钝化修复剂生物炭对镉的吸附特性研究

目前以生物炭为代表的生物质对重金属的吸附表现出良好的应用前景.为确定生物炭对溶液中镉的吸附性能,选用由棉花秸秆制备的生物炭,研究吸附等温线、吸附动力学以及温度、pH和离子强度等对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响.研究表明,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附可以用Freundlich等温线较好地拟合,在不同温度下其饱和吸附量分别为9.738 mg.g-1(288.15 K)、10.14 mg.g-1(298.15 K)、10.40 mg.g-1(308.15 K)和10.71 mg.g-1(318.15 K),热力学参数表明生物炭吸附Cd2+的过程是自发的吸热过程;吸附动力学过程符合二级动力学模型,在40 min即可达到平衡;pH对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响较大,在pH2～8范围时,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随pH的增加先上升后下降;生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随着溶液离子强度的增大呈降低趋势.该项研究可为生物炭在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用提供一定的理论基础.     

Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水动力学研究

考察潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水的运行效果,并探寻一级动力学常数的空间变化情况,采用"厌氧调节池+二级串联潜流式人工湿地"工艺处理农村生活污水。结果表明,经过3个月运行后人工湿地对污水中COD、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除率分别达到了79.13%,71.54%,57.26%和60.01%。通过湿地原位检测显示以上各类污染物在生物床内都有较明显的沿程下降趋势,在床体的前半部分污染物的降解较快,后半部分相对缓慢。农村生活污水中污染物去除动力学符合一级动力学模型,一级生物床中COD、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除,Kv均值分别为3.048、2.469、1.625和1.695;二级生物床中Kv均值分别为2.542、1.946、1.383和1.453。生物床Kv呈现出减小的趋势说明生物床前端对各类污染物的降解速率比后端快。生物床间的跌水池的复氧,增加了二级生物床前端的Kv,提高了对污染物的降解速率。     

无锡市大气中类二噁英多氯联苯污染水平

为了了解无锡市大气中类二噁英多氯联苯(Dioxin-like PCBs,DL-PCBs)水平,利用大流量空气采样器在无锡市分别采集了6个气相和6个颗粒相大气样品,气相色谱-质谱(GC-NCI-MS)测定样品中12种类二噁英多氯联苯。结果显示,大气样品中∑_(12)DL-PCBs的总浓度(气相+颗粒相)为1157～2 747 fg/m³,平均浓度为1759 fg/m3,平均浓度为1759 fg/m³。其中,气相的浓度为11 124～2 721 fg/m3。其中,气相的浓度为11 124～2 721 fg/m³,平均值为1 701fg/m3,平均值为1 701fg/m³;颗粒相的浓度为26～143 fg/m3;颗粒相的浓度为26～143 fg/m³,平均值为58fg/m3,平均值为58fg/m³。气相中∑_(12)DL-PCB含量占总量的97%,而颗粒相仅占3%。DL-PCBs的总毒性当量(气相+颗粒相)为2.16～4.47fg TEQ/m3。气相中∑_(12)DL-PCB含量占总量的97%,而颗粒相仅占3%。DL-PCBs的总毒性当量(气相+颗粒相)为2.16～4.47fg TEQ/m³,平均值为3.53fg TEQ/m3,平均值为3.53fg TEQ/m³。DL-PCBs单体中PCB-118的浓度最高,平均占总浓度的54%,其次是PCB-105和PCB-77,PCB+81在所有样品中均未检出。在所有DL-PCBs中,毒性当量浓度的主要贡献者为PCB-126,其平均贡献率为95%,其次为PCB-169,平均贡献率为3%。     

钢渣湿法捕获CO_2反应机制研究

以炼钢过程中排放的固体废弃物钢渣为碳捕获剂,进行了钢渣湿法捕获烟气CO2工艺的实验研究。通过分析钢渣的组成成份及反应机理,研究液固比、反应温度、反应时间、pH值及反应产物等主要参数对钢渣湿法碳捕获状况的影响。实验证明,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法碳捕获效率达60%以上,具有一定的应用价值。