染色残液电化学处理碳素阴极材料性能比较

为实现染色残液的高效处理及废水回用,鉴于染色残液良好的导电性,选用电化学处理技术,以模拟活性红X-3B染色残液为研究对象,在钌铱形稳电极为阳极和合适的电解条件下,比较石墨板、石墨毡、炭毡、ACF（活性炭纤维毡）、碳纤维电极〔CFF（碳纤维布）、CFB（碳纤维刷）〕等碳素阴极材料的电化学处理效能.结果表明:碳素阴极材料可实现染色残液的完全脱色,活性红X-3B的降解过程符合一级反应动力学特征,其中CFF为阴极时COD_Cr去除率达到86.37%,一级动力学反应常数为0.010 3 min-1,是石墨毡（0.007 3 min-1）的1.4倍.相比于石墨板电极,CFB显示出优异的二电子氧还原和产H₂O₂能力,单位面积产H₂O₂的浓度为10.40 μmol/L,是石墨板（1.08 μmol/L）的9.7倍,产生的H₂O₂导致活性红X-3B的降解,30 min内实现完全脱色.循环伏安曲线表明,碳纤维电极（包括CFF和CFB）的析氧电位明显高于其他电极,可有效抑制析氧副反应,提高有机污染物降解过程中的电催化效率,有利于降低能耗.研究显示,碳纤维可作为阴极材料应用于电化学处理染色残液,具有良好的稳定性.      

Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai

To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.     

采用大涡PIV研究Taylor-Couette流及其对混凝过程的影响

采用大涡PIV方法对Taylor-Couette流场的湍动能及湍动能耗散率进行了估算,并利用数值模拟对其进行验证,结合絮凝实验,综合对比速度矢量、湍动能分布、湍动能耗散率分布及对应流场中混凝过程的絮体图像,探究了湍动能与湍动能耗散率对絮凝效能的影响.结果表明,大涡PIV法与数值模拟在雷诺数较高的情况下有较好的一致性,且雷诺数越大一致性越好.在Taylor-Couette涡流场中,随着雷诺数的增大,湍动能与湍动能耗散率数值不断增大,且在流场中的分布由规律有序到紊乱最终趋于各向均匀一致.而混凝过程中湍动能与湍动能耗散率的数值大小及其在流场中的空间分布情况,均对产生絮体的大小和浊度去除率有较大影响.     

影响大气汞化学过程的敏感因子分析

为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义.     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.     

近平衡状态海水中方解石溶解-沉淀速率及动力学研究

本文利用free-drift开放反应系统,在恒压力(1atm)、恒温度(25.0±0.2℃)环境下,研究海水中近溶解、沉淀平衡状态时二氧化碳分压(pCO2)的变化对方解石溶解、沉淀速率及其动力学方程的影响。研究结果表明:溶解速率相对于碳酸盐碱度(Ac)或饱和度(Ω)变化的敏感度要高于沉淀速率;Ac或Ω相同时,pCO2越高,溶解速率越高,而沉淀速率越低;方解石的溶解过程可分为pCO2欠平衡、平衡两个阶段,当Ω>0.8时反应液pCO2平衡,方解石的溶解反应级数介于8～9之间;沉淀反应级数介于2.4～2.6之间,且反应液pCO2的改变对沉淀反应级数的影响不明显。     

焚烧飞灰卫生填埋共处置的螯合稳定化技术研究

对4种垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质进行了分析,其主要元素以Si、Ca、Al、Cl等为主,此外还含有相当数量的重金属如Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd等,存在很大的环境风险.而飞灰进入卫生填埋场进行共处置是现实可行的出路,为保证共处置的安全性,针对共处置情景制订的浸出毒性浸出方法提高了浸取液酸强度(0.3 mol·L-1,以H 计),此浸出方法已于2007-05-01日开始执行.采用二硫代氨基甲酸盐(dithiocarbamate)类螯合剂对焚烧飞灰进行了稳定化处理工艺实验,结果表明,DTC类螯合剂通过螯合反应作用于飞灰中的重金属,当DTC类螯合剂投加量为3%(质量分数)时,4种飞灰中重金属的浸出值均能达到在卫生填埋场和垃圾进行共处置的要求.     

Fenton去除废水中甲基多巴的机制及动力学

采用Fenton试剂处理甲基多巴废水的实验结果表明, Fenton试剂能有效地去除甲基多巴及其降解产物引起的COD.不同的Fe2 ﹕H2O2,(摩尔比)下甲基多巴的Fenton反应机理有显著的差异,在高Fe 2﹕H2O2(≥2)时,反应机制是H2O2促进Fe2 的絮凝作用;在中Fe2 ﹕H2O2(=1)时,反应机制是兼有氧化和絮凝沉淀作用;在低Fe2 ﹕H2O2(≤0.2)时,反应机制是氧化作用,包括Fe2 催化H2O2氧化和Fe4 aq高价水合铁直接络合去除.针对低Fe2 ﹕H2O2(≤0.2)时甲基多巴的Fenton反应机制,建立了相应的动力学模型.模型值与实验值吻合良好,误差<10%,说明该反应动力学模型能较好地描述甲基多巴的Fenton去除过程.     

废偕胺肟型螯合树脂再生工艺及吸附性能研究

为了解决废弃螯合吸附树脂堆积对环境造成污染,在参考了原树脂合成路线的基础上,设计出了资源化处理该树脂的方法。在二乙胺溶剂中,以废偕胺肟型螯合树脂为原料,加入羟胺试剂,使废树脂发生偕胺肟化反应改性为偕胺肟基聚丙烯腈-二乙烯基苯,实现了废树脂的再生。探讨了废螯合树脂改性工艺及吸附性能,在实验中单因素考察了反应温度、反应时间、二乙胺浓度、盐酸羟胺浓度以及NaOH浓度等因素对偕胺肟化反应效率的影响,同时对树脂及二乙胺溶液进行循环使用。结果表明,二乙胺浓度为70%,盐酸羟胺浓度为1.2mol/L,NaOH浓度为2mol/L,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为2h时达到最佳再生综合效能。以Cu(Ⅱ)离子进行吸附效率测试,有效地恢复该种树脂的吸附能力的90%。树脂循环使用四次之后,吸附效率仍能达到60%。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对螯合树脂表征表明,腈基转化成了偕胺肟基团。在废树脂再生的反应过程中,二乙胺溶剂表现为激活剂的作用。     

Fenton法氧化甲基橙溶液的脱色动力学实验研究

实验对甲基橙的Fenton氧化脱色降解反应过程进行了研究,结果表明在pH值为3、反应温度为30℃的反应条件下,Fenton试剂氧化甲基橙溶液脱色反应可以用一级动力学过程来描述,而且其反应速率常数受到亚铁离子初始浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度的影响很大,经过数据拟合分别得到了反应速率常数与亚铁离子初始浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度之间的数学关系。实验还对30℃～60℃不同温度下的Fenton反应过程进行了考察,结果表明不同温度下Fenton氧化甲基橙的脱色反应仍可以用一级动力学过程来描述,而且其反应速率常数受温度变化的影响不大,基本保持恒定。