光催化体系中噻虫胺降解动力学及机制

利用光催化技术探讨了烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺在水体环境中降解的可行性,不同催化剂浓度、反应温度、底物浓度、溶液初始p H值和不同阴阳离子等因素对其光催化降解动力学的影响,及其初步的光催化降解机制.结果表明噻虫胺的光催化降解符合L-H动力模型,其降解假一级动力学速率常数为0.050 6 min-1.当催化剂用量(TiO_2)为3.0 g·L~(-1)时,噻虫胺的光催化降解速率最大;高温和较低的底物浓度有利于噻虫胺的光催化降解;溶液的初始p H值为5时噻虫胺的降解速率最大,强酸和强碱均不利于其光催化降解.而无机阴、阳离子对噻虫胺降解均有明显的抑制作用.最后,通过GC/MS对噻虫胺光催化降解中间产物进行了初步鉴定,研究发现在活性氧物种的作用下噻虫胺降解途径主要有母体化合物的羟基化,硝基胍基团中N—N的断裂,以及连接硝基胍和噻唑环的C—N键的裂解等.     

四环素在水体中的自然光解作用机制

近年来,抗生素引发的水体环境污染问题日益受到关注,光解是其在环境中消减的重要过程,但其中的关键机制及影响因素尚不明确.本研究系统地考察了初始浓度、pH以及无机离子、溶解性有机物等环境因子对四环素（TC）光解的影响,明确了自然光解的关键活性氧物种（ROS）,同时结合理论计算和降解产物的分析,揭示出了TC的自然光解路径及作用机制.结果表明,模拟自然光条件下TC可快速降解,5 μmol·L^-1 的TC在180 min内降解率为75.0%,符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.007 min^-1,远高于避光条件.随着TC初始浓度的上升,TC光解率和速率呈现出下降的趋势,并且碱性条件更有利于TC光解.水体中存在Cu（II）、Fe（III）和NO₃^-均能显著促进TC光解;富里酸（FA）则由于光屏蔽和淬灭作用对TC的光解产生显著抑制,但FA 和Fe（III）共存时,Fe（III）对光解的促进作用占主导.水体中TC的自然光解不仅存在直接光解,并且以超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）和羟基自由基（·OH）为关键ROS的自敏化光解在TC的光解过程中也起到重要作用.结合TC光解后的产物分析发现,发生间接光解后TC发生开环反应,相比于直接光解和自敏化光解降解地更充分.综上,TC在自然水体中的光解强烈受环境因素影响,可以通过增强活性氧介导的间接光解过程促进水体抗生素污染修复.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics studies of cobalt,strontium and caesium sorption on marble from aqueous solution

Adsorption onto solid phases plays an important role in the transport of radionuclides and contaminants in the environment. Radionuclides in radioactive waste have been considered to be hazardous pollutants, and their migration with groundwater is strongly affected by sorption on the geologic media. Therefore, the knowledge of radionuclide sorption is of great importance in the management of radioactive wastes. A series of batch sorption experiments were conducted separately to investigate sorption and transport behaviour of cobalt, strontium and caesium on and through marble. Batch-mode kinetic and equilibrium studies have been carried out at different temperatures. Sorption experimental data were analysed by kinetic and isotherm models. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the marble is an economic and efficient retaining material for environmental hazardous migration and/or leakage of some radionuclides. Therefore, this study could be used as a starting point to establish and consider that rock as a reactive barrier around the disposal facilities at the nuclear activity centres.     

醋酸铅对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1自噬与凋亡的影响

为了研究环境中常见重金属污染物铅对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1自噬与凋亡的影响及其可能的分子机制,使用不同浓度醋酸铅暴露大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1,利用磺酰罗丹明B(sulforhodamine B,SRB)法检测细胞存活率;Western blot法检测不同浓度醋酸铅对细胞中自噬与凋亡标志蛋白及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路标志分子表达的影响;利用活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)试剂盒检测细胞内ROS水平;用ROS清除剂N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)预处理细胞,检测醋酸铅引起的细胞自噬与凋亡是否受到影响。使用统计学软件SPSS 17.0对数据进行统计学分析后,与对照组相比,醋酸铅导致INS-1细胞的存活率下降(p0.05),且呈时间-剂量依赖性;随醋酸铅浓度增大,自噬和凋亡标志蛋白表达增加,mTOR信号途径标志分子没有明显变化;NAC预处理后醋酸铅引起的细胞自噬和凋亡减少。实验结果表明,醋酸铅可通过mTOR-非依赖途径诱导INS-1细胞的自噬与凋亡,其可能机制为刺激细胞内ROS的产生。     

中国近海和河口环境铜污染的状况

我国铜消费量已稳居世界前列,但随之而来的是铜带来的环境污染压力。铜污染问题不但在内陆环境逐渐突出,而且在近海和河口环境也日趋严重。通过分析近年来发表的我国近海河口海水、沉积物、牡蛎的铜含量数据,评估我国近海和河口环境的铜污染现状。数据显示,我国近海和河口环境大部分地区铜污染水平较低,但存在个别污染严重的区域。沉积物柱状样的数据显示,我国近海河口环境铜污染水平在过去几十年中呈逐渐上升趋势。铜污染已经开始威胁我国近海和河口环境的健康发展。"蓝牡蛎"和"绿牡蛎"是我国近海河口生物受铜污染影响的一个典型例子。多地发现"蓝牡蛎"的现象印证了铜污染源在近海河口环境普遍存在的观点。牡蛎受重金属污染而变色是一个值得研究的污染现象,它包含了复杂的生物学和生态学因素。本文探讨了"蓝牡蛎"和"绿牡蛎"形成的机制。     

Photolysis of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐Dimethylurea (Diuron) in dilute aqueous solution

Diuron samples at 40mg/L concentration were photolyzed with ultraviolet lamps and with natural sunlight to determine if data from ultraviolet lamp photolysis could be used to predict results from sunlight photolysis. Seven photoproducts were identified from the photolysis experiments. The identified photoproducts and the photoproduct yields were essentially the same for the two light sources.     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺改性膨润土对靛蓝的吸附性能

采用CPAM(阳离子聚丙烯酰胺)改性膨润土作为吸附材料,对靛蓝进行吸附研究,考察膨润土投加量、溶液的pH、反应温度、吸附时间及溶液初始ρ(靛蓝)对吸附效果的影响,并对膨润土的性能进行了表征. 结果表明,CPAM改性膨润土对靛蓝的去除率随着投加量的增加迅速增加,最佳投加量为3g/L,达到吸附平衡所需时间为40min. 当溶液pH为4.0~10.0时,CPAM改性膨润土均能保持较大吸附量,并且pH的变化对吸附量影响较小;当溶液pH大于10.0时,吸附量明显降低. CPAM改性膨润土对靛蓝的吸附动力学符合拟一级动力学方程,热力学符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,回归系数均达0.99以上;pH为6.0时,最大吸附量为5287.0mg/g,是未改性膨润土吸附量的21.4倍,吸附性能比未改性膨润土有显著提高. 通过比表面积的测定及红外光谱和透射电子显微镜分析发现,CPAM与钠基膨润土土层中的阳离子发生离子交换反应,CPAM改性膨润土疏水性增强,层间结构发生变化,同时外比表面积增大,对有机染料的吸附作用增加,说明改性后的膨润土在结构和性能上明显优于未改性膨润土.      

DNA fragmentation,apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by sodium arsenite in cultured murine Sertoli cells: prevention by curcumin

Arsenic is a significant environmental concern worldwide, primarily due to geo physiochemical contamination of drinking water, and a major public health hazard in both developing and developed countries. The present study was aimed to investigate ameliorative effects of curcumin (Cur) against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced toxicity in cultured murine Sertoli cells. The cells were treated with SA (5 μM) and Cur (5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml) alone or in combination for 12 hr. The SA treatment decreased cell viability, produced oxidative stress, and induced apoptosis as reflected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cells. Moreover, the SA-induced cell cycle arrest in the cells is characterized by a rise in the number of cells in the sub G1 phase of the cell cycle. The Cur was found to be effective in reversing all these arsenic (As)-induced cellular events. Data suggest that Cur modulates As-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest through suppression of excessive ROS generation. Evidence indicates that Cur may emerge as a useful protective agent against As-induced Sertoli cells toxicity by inhibiting As-induced damage in testes.     

Magnetic particles precipitated onto wheat husk for removal of methyl blue from aqueous solution

Magnetic particles prepared via co-precipitation and impregnated onto wheat husk (MN-WH) were used for the removal of methyl blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Experiments were conducted in a batch mode for optimization regarding pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentrations, and temperature. Maximum adsorption (98%) was achieved at pH 5. The adsorption data were fitted into pseudo-first, pseudo-second, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich equation revealing that adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The four most common isotherm models, i.e. the Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), were used to evaluate the data, with the best fit to a Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.996), followed by a Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.995), indicating monolayer adsorption of MB on the surface of MN-WH. Thermodynamic parameters calculated from the Van't Hoff equation revealed that the adsorption is exothermic (ΔHº = ?19.7 kJ mol^?1).     

Release of phosphorous from igneous phosphate rock through bioturbation: a low-cost approach for phosphorous fertilization in fish farms

The influence of bioturbation caused by common carp fry was treated in 24 transparent polythene jars (5?L each) in the laboratory and in outdoor vats (150?L), increasing the fertilizer value of phosphate rock in eight treatment combinations in triplicate. Input of water soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. The level of SRP in water was always lowest in the control series. Introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.009–0.010?mg phosphate g^?1day^?1 of SRP attributable to the effect of fish excrement. Bioturbation caused by common carp resulted in as high as a 64.8 to 90% influx of phosphate from bottom soil in the presence of phosphate rock but only about 6.3 to 7.2% in the absence of phosphate rock. The bioturbation that occurred in this treatment resulted in a significant release of phosphorous into the overlying water from an apatite source. The results confirm the environment friendly application of phosphate rock in fish-farming ponds at low cost.