城市食物生产与消费系统磷代谢研究

研究运用物质流分析方法,构建基于物质代谢过程的城市食物生产与消费系统磷代谢分析框架,即追踪以"食物生产"、"食物加工"、"居民消费"、"废物处置"为主要过程的磷代谢路径,解析磷代谢主要过程机制并提出相应的核算方法;在此基础上,以合肥市食物生产与消费系统为例进行了案例研究.结果表明,2008年合肥市食物生产消费系统磷的总...     

电絮凝法处理活性染料废水的能耗分析

以活性黑KN—B模拟染料废水为例,采用自行设计的周期换向电源,铝板和铁板为反应电极,对周期换向电凝聚法处理单位质量染料的能耗进行研究,分析了反应时间、电极电压、换向周期、电解质浓度、极板间距、初始染料浓度及搅拌速度对处理单位质量染料能耗的影响。结果表明：周期换向电凝聚法处理相同质量活性黑KN—B染料有效地降低了电能消耗,很大程度上克服了以往电化学法处理染料废水能耗大的缺点,在最优的实验条件下,脱色率最高可达99．62％,此时的电能消耗为24．71kW·h／kgdye。     

转型期中国物质生产能源消费与CO2排放关联特征

论文利用计量经济模型,就近30 a来我国物质生产过程中能源消费与CO₂排放变动关联特征进行研究,结果表明:①物质生产部门能源消费的持续增长是我国能源消费总量增长与CO₂排放量增长的主要驱动因子;②物质生产部门的产业能源消费结构均衡度长期以来处于较低水平,呈现"低水平不平衡-平衡-较高水平不平衡"的变化规律;③物质生产部门能源消费-GDP脱钩弹性系数分布情况与物质生产部门CO₂排放-GDP脱钩弹性系数分布情况相似,均表明目前我国物质生产对能源消费的依赖度趋低,单位能源消费的经济产出量逐渐提高,但我国物质生产部门的经济产出与能源消费的弱脱钩关系相较于发达国家的强脱钩关系之间仍存在较大差距。最后,论文针对研究结论,从物质生产部门行业结构、能源消费结构、经济增长与能源消费间脱钩关系三个角度,提出调控未来物质生产部门能源消费的建议要点。     

Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

CASS工艺在某县城市污水处理厂应用实例研究

某县污水厂规模1.8万m3/d,采用CASS工艺进行城市污水处理,通过对污水曝气时间、污泥回流比、DO浓度、MLSS等条件进行控制,出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B排放标准要求,工艺对该污水具有较好的适应性.与其他CASS工艺运行情况相比,该厂CASS工艺设定曝气时间长,能耗高,宜根据水质水量的变化,调节设备运行台数及曝气时间,实现能耗的降低.     

膜/电容脱盐(MCDI)特性研究

以NaCl溶液为除盐对象,采用控制变量法,考察电压、流量、温度和进水浓度对膜/电容脱盐(MCDI)除盐效果的影响以及再生方式对MCDI再生效果的影响.结果表明:MCDI的除盐率随电压和温度的升高而增大,随进水流量和浓度的增大而减小;综合考虑除盐率和能量利用效率,在电压1.2 V、流量5.0~7.5 m L·min-1、温度20~25℃、浓度50~250 mg·L-1时,MCDI的除盐性能最佳;再生时,反接方式再生效率最高但耗能大,断路方式几乎无再生效果,短接方式再生效率良好且无耗能,综合考虑短接方式最佳.     

Inadvertent environmentalism and the action–value opportunity: reflections from studies at both ends of the generational spectrum

A recent turn towards a more contextually sensitive apprehension of the challenge of making everyday life less resource hungry has been partly underwritten by widespread evidence that the environmental values people commonly profess to hold do not often translate into correspondingly low impact actions. Yet sometimes the contexts of everyday life can also conspire to make people limit their consumption without ever explicitly connecting this to the environmental agenda. This paper considers this phenomenon with reference to UK studies from both ends of the generational spectrum. The first questioned how older people keep warm at home during winter and the second examined how young people get rid of no longer wanted possessions. Both found that, though the respondents involved were acting in certain ways that may be deemed comparatively low impact, they were hitherto relatively indifferent to the idea of characterising these actions as such. We outline three ways in which sustainability advocates might respond to the existence of such “inadvertent environmentalists” and consider how they might inspire studies that generate fresh intervention ideas instead of lingering on the dispiriting recognition that people do not often feel able to act for the environment.     

大气环境约束下的中国煤炭消费总量控制研究

煤炭消费过程中排放的大气污染物已成为我国大气污染的重要来源。本文采用WRF-CAMx 空气质量模型定量分析了煤炭消费- 污染物排放- 空气质量之间的影响关系,基于情景分析方法,研究了2020 年、2030年空气质量改善需求对地区大气污染物排放总量与煤炭消费总量的约束作用。在此基础上,结合重点地区行业发展与能源供需等因素,提出各省煤炭消费总量控制目标与控煤对策建议。研究结果表明,要实现2020 年、2030 年空气质量改善阶段性目标,全国煤炭消费总量应分别控制在40.8 亿吨和37.7 亿吨左右,京津冀鲁豫等11 个重点省份2020 年煤炭消费量应控制在15.8 亿吨、2030 年控制在13.1 亿吨,全国煤炭清洁化利用水平需要在当前基础上大幅度提升。     

长江三角洲地区能源消费大气污染物排放特征

针对长江三角洲(以下简称“长三角”)16个主要地区,基于常规可获取的统计资料确定污染源活动水平,结合最新的污染源调查资料及相关研究成果确定污染物排放因子,以2008年为基准年,研究了能源消费大气污染物排放特征,建立了具有较高时空分辨率、且便于滚动更新的网格化动态排放清单.结果表明:长三角16个地区2008年能源消费过程中SO2、NOx、PM10、PM2.5、CO的排放量分别为3158.58, 3154.96,979.76,632.34,5258.08kt.其中上海、苏州、南京、杭州、无锡和宁波6城市污染物排放总量均占长三角地区排放总量的60%左右.SO2和NOx排放主要集中在工业和火电部门,颗粒物和CO排放则主要集中在工业部门,机动车对于CO也有较大的排放贡献率.火电部门污染排放具有较强的月变化特征;道路机动车排放受居民出行规律影响,具有明显的周变化和日变化特征.     

能量流评价——一种污水处理系统能耗评价的新方法研究

将污染物所含热值定义为污水的能量势,并根据能量势的变化与污水厂能耗的比值,定义了一种全新的污水厂能耗评价指标——能量流(Energy Flow,EF).能量流没有量纲,表示污水厂能耗作用于污染物处理效果上的能源利用效率.通过能量流和比能耗这2种方法对交互式反应器中试系统在改良A2O工艺下运行情况分别进行能耗评价发现:单位污染物比能耗与能量流呈很强的负相关性;处理水量是EF的主要影响因素之一,EF将随处理水量的增加而提高;能量流是一个从能量角度进行评价的的综合指标,其意义相当于一个由多个比能耗(各类去除物质)组成的评价指标体系.因此EF评价可以更清晰地反映污水厂能量利用效率,应替代比能耗作为污水厂运营的辅助参考依据.目前,能量流评价尚不完善,在其内涵中纳入反硝化过程以及除磷等相关生化反应将成为下一步的研究重点.