基于入户称重调研的居民春节食物消费和浪费特征

节庆期间食物消费是中国居民食物消费的重要组成,但目前缺乏对其特征结构的精准刻画。本文利用大学生网络,于2018年春节期间实地入户称重调研,获得连续3天192户1728餐居民家庭食物消费的一手数据,定量分析居民春节期间食物消费与浪费的结构和特征。研究结果表明：（1）春节期间,人均食物消费量为541.05 g/(人·餐),浪费量为30.72 g/(人·餐),浪费率为5.68%,高于非节庆时期3个百分点。（2）食物消费多为生鲜食品与平日不会每日购买的“奢侈品”,以蔬菜（21.73%）、肉类（17.77%）、大米（12.45%）、水果（8.39%）和水产类（7.88%）为主。食物浪费结构与食物消费结构相似,以蔬菜（26.20%）、肉类（21.58%）、大米（16.34%）、水产类（11.78%）和酒水（8.43%）为主。（3）春节期间,不同人口规模的家庭食物消费水平差异显著,城乡家庭、不同收入及不同人口规模的家庭食物浪费水平具有显著差异。农村家庭人均食物消费量和浪费量均高于城市家庭;经济水平高和人口规模小的家庭食物消费和浪费量更高。研究结果定量刻画了中国居民春节期间的食物消费特征,为中国《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》中食物浪费的监测评估提供数据支撑,具有重要借鉴意义。     

基于IPLV指标测算建筑空调能耗的方法研究

提出一种在建筑节能评估工作中基于IPLV指标测算空调能耗的新方法。通过对同一多层建筑物采用面积指标法和IPLV指标法进行空调能耗的测算,并对比利用e QUEST模拟软件的计算结果,发现面积指标法与模拟结果误差高达30%以上,而IPLV指标计算法与模拟结果误差在10%左右,且IPLV指标法计算过程简便,更适合在实际节能评估过程中使用。     

The Empirical Analysis of the Impacts of Income Distribution Gap on Consumption Demand： Based on the Statistic Data of Chinese Urban Residents in 2000-2010

This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view, and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap a...     

可持续交通消费的接受和使用行为研究——基于上海市汽车共享的调查

汽车共享作为中国新兴的可持续交通方式,如何成功的使消费者接受和使用,是研究的关键挑战。本文基于UTAUT2模型,选择上海市居民作为调查对象,发现价格价值对行为意向影响最大,其次为享乐动机、努力期望、绩效期望和便利条件,社群影响对行为意向影响不显著;行为意向和便利条件对使用行为有显著正面影响,便利条件对使用行为影响更大。进而,使用个人特征为调节变量(是否有私家车、网约车经验和婚姻状况)验证对模型路径的影响,绩效期望对行为意向的影响受到是否有车、网约车经验和婚姻状况三个因素的调节,无车、无网约车经验与未婚的受访者调节效应更强;便利条件对行为意向和使用行为的影响同时受到是否有车单个因素的调节,无车者的调节作用更强;价值价格对行为意向的影响受到婚姻状况的调节,未婚者的调节效应更强;行为意向对使用行为的影响受到是否有网约车经验的调节,无网约车经验的调节效应更强。基于汽车共享服务发展初期的市场调查,本文建议汽车共享企业应提前布局服务网络,扩大会员数量,宣传它与私家车相比的成本优势和共享的价值观,获得细分市场。     

The energy,water, and air pollution implications of tapping China's shale gas reserves

China has laid out an ambitious strategy for developing its vast shale gas reserves. This study developed an input–output based hybrid life-cycle inventory model to estimate the energy use, water consumption, and air emissions implications of shale gas infrastructure development in China over the period 2013–2020, including well drilling and operation, land rig and fracturing fleet manufacture, and pipeline construction. Multiple scenarios were analyzed based on different combinations of well development rates, well productivities, and success rates. Results suggest that 700–5100 petajoules (PJ) of primary energy will be required for shale gas infrastructure development, while the net primary energy yield of shale gas production over 2013–2020 was estimated at 1650–7150 PJ, suggesting a favorable energy balance. Associated emissions of CO₂e were estimated at 80–580 million metric tons, and were primarily attributable to coal-fired electricity generation, fugitive methane, and flaring of methane during shale gas processing and transmission. Direct water consumption was estimated at 20–720 million metric tons. The largest sources of energy use and emissions for infrastructure development were the metals, mining, non-metal mineral products, and power sectors, which should be the focus of energy efficiency initiatives to reduce the impacts of shale gas infrastructure development moving forward.     

海水淡化原水预处理工艺筛选评估体系

针对海水淡化预处理工艺特征形成了海水淡化原水预处理工艺（药剂）库,建立了预处理工艺筛选评估指标体系;而后利用多准则决策理论,构建了基于熵权法和逼近理想解排序法（TOPSIS）的海水淡化原水预处理工艺筛选评估模型,并实现程序设计,用以筛选出适合的预处理工艺;最后通过一个实例验证方法可行性,结果证明本体系可以有效辅助海水淡化原水预处理工艺的筛选评估,实现科学决策.     

鼓泡和鼓泡-搅拌SBR好氧污泥颗粒化能耗分析

在高径比20的鼓泡SBR和高径比1.2的鼓泡-搅拌SBR反应器中,考察了好氧污泥颗粒化过程中,污泥粒径、分形维数、微生物特性的变化.建立流体动力学模型,对鼓泡和鼓泡-搅拌反应器中好氧颗粒污泥形成前后的能耗进行对比分析,从水力学角度分析2个反应器污泥特性出现差异的原因.结果表明,鼓泡反应器内在表观气速2.0cm/s条件下形成了均值粒径0.604mm,平均沉降速度（24±5.8） m/h,SVI 36.33mL/g,MLSS维持在4500mg/L左右,表面光滑的好氧颗粒污泥.鼓泡-搅拌反应器在搅拌速度300r/min、表观气速1.05cm/s的条件下,成功培养以丝状菌为骨架的好氧颗粒污泥,均值粒径可达1.123mm,污泥的平均沉降速度为（19.6±5.1） m/h,SVI为41.33mL/g,MLSS维持在3300mg/L左右.好氧颗粒污泥形成前后的能耗进行对比分析发现：好氧颗粒污泥培养初期,鼓泡-搅拌反应器因搅拌桨的加入,获得的湍动能远大于鼓泡反应器,约为100倍左右;而好氧颗粒形成之后,鼓泡反应器中上部位置的湍动能明显增加,且湍动能的大小大于鼓泡-搅拌反应器.相比较而言,鼓泡反应器相对节约能量.     

厦门城市化进程中的居民食物碳消费及其环境负荷

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市对全球生态系统碳循环的影响越来越显著,其中城市家庭食物碳消费对全球城市生态系统碳循环的贡献日益突出,已成为城市生态系统碳循环的研究热点之一.以厦门市为例,通过分析1988～2010年居民食物碳消费的动态变化和家庭分布特征,评价并预测了由食物碳消费导致的环境负荷.结果表明,1988～2010年全市人均食物消费量和人均食物碳消费量分别下降了6%和25%,但由于厦门市人口的快速增长,食物消费和食物碳消费的总量均不断增加,分别增长了116%和70%.居民食物碳消费总量的增加导致环境负荷量不断上升,由9.88万t增长至16.62万t,特别是进入土壤的碳通量近年来快速增加.预测显示2011～2024年间厦门市居民食物碳消费总量以及环境负荷量仍将继续上升,2025年将有所下降,人均食物碳消费量则从2011年起持续下降.对厦门市居民家庭食物消费的分析表明,家庭户均食物碳消费主要受到家庭收入、食物消费费用、家庭用餐人数的影响,食物碳消费较高的家庭通常平均家庭用餐人数3人、平均食物消费费用约3 125元.月-1,户均食物碳消费为1 134.91 kg,人均食物碳消费量为378.30 kg,高食物碳消费的家庭人均食物碳消费量是低食物碳消费家庭人均消费量的4.84倍.     

天然气集输系统节能减排措施研究与实施

以丘东采油厂为例,从能源消耗结构、管理和技术三个方面,对天然气集输过程中能源消耗情况及清洁生产方案措施实施效果进行分析,确定影响节能减排的关键因素;通过节能减排技术的应用,采取节能管理措施,降低能源消耗,减少污染物排放,取得一定的效果。     

Hotel water consumption at a seasonal mass tourist destination. The case of the island of Mallorca

While it is true that tourism is one of the main driving forces behind economic growth in several world regions, it is also true that tourism can have serious negative environmental impacts, especially with regard to water resources. The tourist water demand can generate big problems of sustainability, mainly in those regions where water is scarce, as occurs in most coastal and small island destinations where a large part of world tourism is concentrated. Given the shortage of literature on the subject, further research into the tourist water demand is required, with particular attention to the hotel sector, since hotels are the most popular option for tourists, displaying higher levels of water consumption. The main purpose of this study is to develop a model to analyse hotel water consumption at a mature sun and sand destination with a strong seasonal pattern and scarcity of water; characteristics shared by some of the world's main tourist destinations. Our model includes a set of different hotel variables associated with physical, seasonal and management-related factors and it improves on the capacity to explain water consumption at such destinations. Following a hierarchical regression methodology, the model is empirically tested through a survey distributed to managers of a representative sample of hotels on the island of Mallorca. From the obtained results, interesting recommendations can be made for both hotel managers and policy makers. Among these, it should be highlighted that the strategic move contemplated by many mature destinations towards a higher quality, low-season model could have significant negative effects in terms of the sustainability of water resources. Our results also conclude that managerial decisions, like the system of accommodation that is offered (i.e. the proliferation of the "all-inclusive" formula, both at mature and new destinations), could give rise to the same negative effect. Development of water saving initiatives (usually introduced in response to demand-based factors), also reveals significant effects over water consumption. Finally, other key factor in explaining hotel water consumption is the management system under which the hotel is run.