Evaluating the impacts of packaging policy in The Netherlands

Packaging materials are one of the largest contributors to municipal solid waste production. This paper evaluates the material impacts packaging policy in The Netherlands in the period 1986-2007. Five different voluntary agreements were implemented over this period to reduce the environmental impact of packaging. The analysis shows that among the investigated indicators, population statistically is the most robust indicator to estimate the packaging demand. A baseline is developed on the basis of population growth in The Netherlands, and is used as reference to evaluate policy impacts. The policy periods are evaluated on the basis of overall effectiveness compared to the baseline and target achievement. Dutch packaging policies have been effective to reduce the total packaging volume until 1999. After 2000, packaging consumption increased more rapidly than the baseline, suggesting that policy measures have not been effective. The largest increase in packaging recycling rates was achieved during the first policy period. More clear and consistent packaging policy measures and targets could improve the effectiveness of policies.     

自然充氧小型一体化污水处理装置运行性能研究

研发了一种小型一体化污水处理装置,好氧单元采用"跌水+散水+拔风"自然充氧设计,从而减少了机械曝气,降低了运行成本。实验在北方的秋冬季节进行,考察了自然充氧效果和替代机械曝气的可行性。结果表明,自然充氧可将厌氧出水ρ(DO)从1 mg/L提高到3 mg/L以上。实验设置2种曝气方式,分别为单独机械曝气(0.2 m3/h)和50%机械曝气(0.1 m3/h)+自然充氧,结果表明装置处理性能基本无差异,COD平均去除率分别为87%和86%,NH3-N分别为57%和54%,TP分别为40%和49%。     

You are What You Eat: Meat, Novel Protein Foods, and Consumptive Freedom

Animal husbandry has been accused ofmaltreating animals, polluting the environment, and soon. These accusations were thought to be answered whenthe Dutch research program ``Sustainable TechnologicalDevelopment' (STD) suggested a government-initiatedconversion from meat to novel protein foods (NPFs).STD reasoned that if consumers converted from meat toNPFs, non-sustainable animal husbandry would no longerbe needed. Whereas STD only worried about how toconstruct NPFs with a meat bite, this paper drawsattention to the presumed, but problematic, role forthe government in the execution of the STDsuggestions. Although vegetarians take the credo ``YouAre What You Eat' literally and accuse non-vegetariansof being beasts, a different interpretation is morepromising: eating meat has become a leading thread inmany lifestyles and narratives of self-identity. Sincethe freedom to follow your own lifestyle orconsumptive preferences is a core value incontemporary affluent societies, governmentintervention in the formation and satisfaction ofconsumer preferences for meat dishes is a precariousissue. Hence, NPFs might be interesting for a smallfraction of society, but we had better not expect toomuch from a government-initiated conversion from meatto NPFs as the answer to animal husbandry'sproblems.     

Discounting and relative consumption

We analyze optimal social discount rates when people derive utility from relative consumption, i.e. their own consumption level relative to the consumption level of others. We compare the social, private, and conventional Ramsey rates. Assuming a positive growth rate, we find that (1) the social discount rate exceeds the private discount rate if the importance of relative consumption increases with consumption, and that (2) the social discount rate is lower than the Ramsey rate given quasi-concavity in own and others’ consumption and risk aversion with respect to others’ consumption. Numerical calculations demonstrate that the latter difference may be substantial and have important implications for long run environmental issues such as global warming.     

满足城市食物消费需求的农业生产碳排放研究——以宁波为例

食物消费相关的农业生产阶段的碳排放研究,对于探讨气候变化背景下可持续消费模式的选择和低碳农业技术与管理的提升具有重要意义.以宁波市为例,采用生命周期分析与环境投入产出相结合的综合分析框架,对其2012年居民所消费食物在农业生产阶段的直接和间接碳排放进行研究,分析不同食物及不同排放源的排放特征.结果表明,粮食、猪肉、水产品和牛肉对食物消费碳排放总量的贡献最大,分别占28%、25%、10%和9%;粮食、蔬菜和蛋类单位热量和单位蛋白质的碳排放均较小,禽、蛋、水产、鲜奶单位蛋白质的碳排放低于牛羊猪肉;由农业投入品生产所带来的间接碳排放占总量的49%;化肥是多数植物性食物碳排放最大的贡献源,占植物性食物排放总量的33%;饲料是大多动物性食物碳排放的最大来源,占动物性食物排放总量的56%.为促进食物消费和农业生产的碳减排,一方面建议适当增加蛋类、水产品、禽类和鲜奶的消费比重,减少猪牛羊肉的消费比重;另一方面应着重提高农业投入品供应链的能效,推广优化施肥技术与管理,以及提升饲料品质.     

面向排放量化的低速区间机动车比功率分布特性与模型

随着排放建模方法从基于行驶周期和平均速度演变为基于VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)参数,利用VSP分布刻画交通状态成为最新的研究需求.近期研究中,针对城市快速路上大于20 km·h-1的速度区间建立了基于平均行程速度的VSP分布数学模型,却未对低速区间的VSP分布特征作深入研究.基于北京快速路大量逐秒浮动车数据,研究0～20 km·h-1的VSP分布与平均行程速度的关系.通过分析大量逐秒浮动数据的VSP分布与平均速度间关系,发现VSP分布与平均行程速度具有规律性:各VSP分布的峰值出现在VSP Bin=0处,且随速度的增加单调递减.因此,针对VSP分布的正、负区间以及VSP Bin=0处分别建立数学模型,并利用该模型进行机动车油耗/排放测算.对比分析油耗/排放的预测值和实测值得出,所建立的VSP分布模型可以有效用于机动车油耗/排放测算.     

山西煤炭开采消费与气温变化的灰色关联分析

利用1961~2011年山西56个气象站点的观测数据和煤炭开采消费资料,采用趋势分析和灰色关联法,对山西煤炭开采消费与气温变化的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)51年来山西平均气温、平均最低气温和平均最高气温均呈显著上升趋势,且具有明显的年代际特征,上世纪60年代中期到80年代变化平稳,90年代以后上升加速,近年来又有下降趋势。(2)山西原煤生产整体呈现逐年上升趋势;1975年之前,增加缓慢平稳;1976-2000年增速有所增加;2000年后则加速增加。上世纪80年代以来,山西煤炭消费呈波动上升的趋势,煤炭供需总体平衡。(3)能源外调量在山西能源生产总量中占有主导地位,能源外调量基本是以煤为基础;上世纪80年代到2007年,能源外调量和煤炭外调量呈同步增加的趋势,2008~2009年则有所下降。(4)煤炭加工供热产出和煤炭产量与年平均气温、年平均最低气温和年平均最高气温的相关最为密切;煤炭加工发电产出和煤炭加工投入总量与年平均气温、年平均最低气温和年平均最高气温相关相关程度相当;能源生产弹性系数与年平均气温、年平均最低气温和年平均最高气温的相关较小。(5)山西煤炭生产消费对气温变化影响的排序为:对年平均最低气温影响最大,年平均气温次之,对年平均最高气温的影响较小。     

空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响研究

为研究空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用自制空气湿度控制装置和程序升温试验台,通入湿度不同的空气,对砚石台矿煤样进行程序升温,测定不同温度下所产生气体的浓度,分析耗氧速率、CO和CO2产生率、放热强度以及自燃极限参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:低温氧化前期,煤体的耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率与空气相对湿度成正比。随着反应的进行,85%或32%的湿度均会对耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率产生一定的抑制作用;CO2产生率随空气相对湿度的增大先升高后降低,最小浮煤厚度和下限氧浓度随空气相对湿度的增大先减小后增大,上限漏风强度先增大后减小。增大空气相对湿度对煤低温氧化前期有促进作用,其自燃环境条件更易被满足,自燃危险性升高。     

海南省能源消费和碳排放预测研究

以海南省1993—2012年能源消费总量、人口、国民生产总值和工业比重作为研究对象,应用协整理论建立它们之间的关系,并预测不同经济增长情景下2015—2020年海南省能源消费总量和能源消费结构。在此基础上,借助相关方法预测碳排放量,最后根据海南的实际情况提出减排政策建议。     

管式加热炉间壁式空气预热器现状分析及方案优化

管式加热炉排出的高温烟气夹带大量的热量,降低排烟温度、减少排烟热损失可以提高加热炉的热效率,以目前常用的烟气直接预热空气和烟气间接预热空气两个方案进行对比分析,找出存在问题,并对烟气预热器的结构、排列方式进行改进,降低管式加热炉的能耗。