Fenton试剂高级氧化法降解甲基橙模拟废水研究

甲基橙是一种较难降解的有机苯环偶氮染料之一,研究其降解性能对其他染料废水体系的降解研究具有普遍参考价值。通过研究Fenton试剂降解甲基橙过程中的H202浓度、Fe2＋浓度、反应时间和反应体系pH值对甲基橙降解的影响,确定其最佳降解工艺条件为：当甲基橙浓度为20mg／L、pH值为3、Fe2＋浓度为1．5mmol／L、H2O2为32mmol/L时,降解率达到最大值（98．95％）。     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为了解大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及环境效应,利用安德森采样器连续采集青岛近海2008年1~12月大气颗粒物分级样品,用离子色谱法分析其中主要的水溶性离子,并讨论其粒径分布特征.结果表明, NH4+、K+、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-主要存在于粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子中,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-则主要存在于粒径大于2.1μm的粗粒子中.各离子的粒径分布存在明显的季节变化.NH4+、K+和SO42-四季均主要分布于细粒子中,而Mg2+和Ca2+则主要分布在粗粒子中,两者均在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值;Na+在春、夏、秋3个季节主要存在于粗粒子中,集中分布在3.3~7.0μm粒径范围内,而在冬季则集中分布于0.43~1.1μm且细粒子含量高于粗粒子;春季Cl-在粗粒子中分布较多,尤以2.1~3.3μm范围内的最为突出,而其他3个季节均是细粒子比例明显偏高;NO3-春、夏两季在粗、细粒子中的含量各占50%,秋、冬季节均为细粒子占多数;PO43-夏季只出现在0.65~1.1μm以及>11μm的粒径范围内,粗粒子占95%,其他3个季节则是细粒子含量较高;春季F-在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值,夏季各粒径均未检出,而秋、冬两季粗、细粒子各占50%.K+、NH4+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和PO43-受供暖期燃煤取暖的影响较大.K+和NH4+在供暖期和非供暖期峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径范围;F-供暖期在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段出现峰值;供暖期Cl-的峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期,则出现在2.1~3.3μm的粗粒径段;SO42-和NO3-在供暖期和非供暖期的峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段;供暖期PO43-的最大峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期其最大峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm粒径段.     

上海市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布特征

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径的大气颗粒物中9种水溶性离子(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+、Na+、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-)的分布特征.结果显示,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+含量很高,占9种离子总和的65%～81%.颗粒物的C/A值平均为1.08,说明颗粒物呈中性,略偏碱,这可能与缺少碳酸根等的测定有关.1.5μm颗粒物中的离子占所有粒径段离子的52%～87%,表明离子主要集中在细颗粒物中.NH4+、K+呈单峰分布,峰值出现在0.95μm的颗粒段;SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、Cl-呈双峰分布,峰值分别出现在0.95μm和3.0～7.2μm的粒径段,其中SO42-、NO3-的较高峰出现在0.95μm的细颗粒段,Ca2+的较高峰出现在3.0μm的颗粒段,Cl-则两峰高度相当;既有双峰分布又有单峰分布的离子是Na+、Mg2+和F-,3种离子的较高峰出现在3.0μm的颗粒段.离子粒径分布与采样期间的气象条件、离子的形成机制和来源有关.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

Efficient adsorption of Mn(Ⅱ) by layered double hydroxides intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and the mechanistic study

In this study, greatly enhanced Mn(II) adsorption was achieved by as-synthesized diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHsDTPA). The adsorption capacity of LDHs-DTPA was 83.5 mg/g, which is much higher than that of LDHs-EDTA(44.4 mg/g), LDHs-Oxalate(21.6 mg/g) and LDHs(28.8 mg/g). The adsorption data of aqueous Mn(II) using LDHs-DTPA could be well described by the pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics study results also showed that the adsorption process of Mn(II) by LDHs-DTPA was exothermic as indicated by the negative ΔH value. Furthermore, based on the structural, morphological and thermostable features, as well as FT-IR and XPS characterizations of LDHs-DTPA and the pristine LDHs, the adsorption mechanism of Mn(II) was proposed. The carboxyl groups of DTPA were proposed to be the main binding sites for Mn(II), and the hydroxyl groups of LDHs also played a minor role in the adsorption process. Among the three common regeneration reagents, 0.1 mol/L Na_2CO_3 was the best for reusing LDHs-DTPA in Mn(II)adsorption. Besides, the Mn(II) adsorption performance could be hindered in the presence of typical inorganic ions, especially cations. Further specific modifications of LDHs-DTPA are suggested to get more selective adsorption of Mn(II) in practical applications.     

多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理研究—以细颗粒泥沙吸附多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉为例

研究微界面动力学响应机理能更好地了解动力学扩散模式的内在机制.通过竞争吸附实验,采用微界面作用模式识别多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉在泥沙颗粒上的扩散模式,探究多元重金属离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化规律,剖析多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理.结果显示,10 min前,多元竞争体系下离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化较大,为快速吸附阶段,与扩散速率较大的膜扩散过程对应.10 min后,离子的液相浓度波动变化,吸附速率变化呈“N型”、“倒N型”、“W型”和“倒W型”特征,吸附解吸交替进行,不同竞争体系离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化不同,进入孔隙的时间存在差异,此阶段为膜扩散和颗粒内扩散并存,不同竞争体系的离子的颗粒内扩散时间不一致.60 min后, 离子的液相浓度较稳定和吸附速率较小,微界面作用趋于稳定,为扩散速率较小的颗粒内扩散阶段.研究结果可为多元竞争体系的微观界面动力学响应机理提供理论支撑.     

Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli

With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions.     

北京南郊区PM2.5中水溶性无机盐季节变化及来源分析

为研究北京偏南地区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中水溶性无机离子的变化特征,利用大气细颗粒物快速捕集系统及化学成分分析系统RCFP-IC,于2016年对北京南郊区大兴PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性无机离子(Cl~-、NO_2~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+))展开为期1 a的连续在线观测.结果表明,观测期间,9种水溶性无机离子总质量浓度为38.6μg·m~(-3),并呈现冬春高,夏秋低的特征,浓度水平高低顺序为SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-NH_4~+Ca~(2+)NO_2~-Cl~-Na~+K~+Mg~(2+);在冬季,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+浓度占比高达75.7%;春季次之,为72.8%;夏季最低,仅为60.2%.并且随着空气污染的加剧,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+浓度显著增加,这表明SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+与空气质量的恶化密切相关,但相比NO_3~-和NH_4~+,SO_4~(2-)在二次离子形成过程中占据主导地位;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+存在显著的日变化特征,SO_4~(2-)统计日变化为双峰型,峰值分别出现在10:00和18:00左右,而NO_3~-和NH_4~+呈单峰型,峰值出现在10:00左右.基于后向轨迹聚类分析结果发现,对南郊区污染有影响的气团主要有3类,分别来自东南方向、西部和来自蒙古高原的高空气团,东南方向气流会加重南郊区水溶性盐的累积,而偏北气流有利于污染物扩散和稀释;基于主成分分析发现,北京南郊区水溶性盐的污染来源分别为二次源、燃煤源和土壤风沙尘及建筑扬尘的混合源.利用潜在源贡献因子分析法对南郊区冬季水溶性盐的潜在污染源区进行分析发现,影响大兴水溶性盐浓度潜在源区主要分布在南郊区的东南部.     

珠江三角洲城市雨水的化学组成及其成因探讨

于2005—2007年间,基于降水过程监测分析了广州市和珠海市雨水的化学组成。结果表明,广州市雨水的pH值变化于3.32~7.03之间,平均值为4.35,众数约为4.15。珠海市雨水的pH值变化于3.38~6.49之间,平均值为4.51。雨水pH值随降水强度的减弱而降低,这决定于大气中水汽与酸性气体的接触时间。珠江三角洲城市雨水中所含主要离子依次是SO42-、NO3-、NH4＋、Ca2＋、Cl-。雨水的酸化与降水过程密切相关。降雨初期雨水比中后期雨水的pH值高,揭示降雨初期大气中的粉尘颗粒有效中和雨水的酸度。多天连续降水天气对大气尘埃的清洗作用明显,但是持续的SO2和NOx排放更容易使雨水酸化。滨海城市降水初期雨水的电导率上升较快（可以从小于1μS.cm-1上升到20~30μS.cm-1）,随着降水时间的延长雨水的电导率以较慢的速率上升。     

硝基苯类废水的预处理技术研究

Fe(OH)2对硝基苯具有强烈的还原作用，短时间内可把硝基苯还原为苯胺。催化铁屑法处理硝基苯类废水，除了包括铁屑法处理废水的各种反应外，还能使硝基苯在其表面直接还原，且反应在弱碱性条件下效果较好。m(Fe)：m(Cu)为10：1，pH为9．5，废水硝基苯进水质量浓度为250mg／L，反应时间为30min，硝基苯的去除率达100％。