丛枝菌根强化型生态浮床处理煤化工模拟含盐废水

针对缺乏经济有效的中低盐废水脱盐技术问题,本试验利用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌增强植物抗盐胁迫能力,搭建AM强化型生态浮床,既探索新的中低盐废水处理技术,又解决普通浮床植物耐盐胁迫能力差、除盐效率低的问题.结果表明,AM真菌(Glomus etunicatum)与浮床植物美人蕉(Canna indica L.)建立了良好的共生关系,且侵染不受盐胁迫的影响.接种AM真菌提高了生态浮床处理含盐废水的能力,21 d内TDS、COD、TN和TP的去除率分别达到了36. 1%、74. 4%、57. 6%和59. 1%,比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了79. 2%、36. 4%、32. 7%和37. 6%.从具体盐离子来看,21 d内水体中Na、K、Ca和Mg离子的去除率分别达到了34. 4%、61. 3%、57. 4%和51. 9%,相比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了11. 4%、37. 1%、18. 3%和24. 6%.从植物对盐的吸收来看,AM的存在促进了美人蕉对Na离子的吸收和向地上部的转移,这可能是AM强化型生态浮床功能得到提升的主要原因之一.本研究表明AM真菌可增强生态浮床修复水体污染的能力,提高脱盐效率.     

Diffusion mechanism of chloride ions in sodium montmorillonite

For safety assessment of geological disposal of HLW, it is necessary to understand the diffusion mechanism of radionuclides in compacted bentonite. In this study, the diffusion behavior of chloride ions in compacted montmorillonite was studied from the viewpoints of the activation energy for apparent diffusion and the basal spacing of the compacted montmorillonite. A unique change in the activation energy as a function of the dry density of the montmorillonite was found. The activation energy decreased from 17.4 to 13.5 kJ mol-1 as the dry density increased from 0.7 to 1.0 Mg m-3 and increased to 25.1 kJ mol-1 at dry densities above 1.0 Mg m-3. The basal spacing of 1.88 nm, corresponding to the three-water layer hydrate state, was not observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) until the dry density increased to 1.0 Mg m-3, where the minimum activation energy was obtained. On the other hand, a basal spacing of 1.56 nm, corresponding to the two-water layer hydrate state, was observed at the dry densities of 1.4 Mg m-3 and above, where the activation energies were more than 22 kJ mol-1. These experimental results suggest that there are at least two additional diffusion processes that can raise or reduce the activation energy and are affected by water in the region adjacent to the montmorillonite surfaces. If the "Grahame model" can be introduced to describe the electrical double layer, surface diffusion will be considered the possible predominant diffusion process, even for anions like chloride ions.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维，但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水，污染环境，限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用。采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水，研究结果表明，通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水，COD总去除率达到97％以上，色度降到5倍。此方法处理效果明显、操作简单。     

活性炭吸附化学战剂--沙林染毒水的试验研究

研究了 5种国产活性炭吸附水中沙林的性能及影响因素。果壳质活性炭的吸附性能优于煤质活性炭。果壳活性炭WP 2 0 2的吸附等温线方程为 qe=11 45C0 39e ,其粉状炭在 10min时能达到吸附容量的 98%。活性炭颗粒小则吸附速度快 ,温度升高不利于吸附。活性炭与水中的氯反应后 ,吸附性能下降 3 0 % ,在含盐量 2 0 0 0mg/L的苦咸水中吸附量降低 5 %。处理化学战剂 -沙林染毒水宜多种水处理技术相结合 ,并采用活性炭吸附作为最后一级处理单元     

烟气脱硫液中共存离子对汞稳定化的影响

利用湿法烟气脱硫技术(Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization,WFGD)同步除汞被认为是最经济的燃煤烟气脱汞方式,但进入脱硫液的Hg~(2+)易被还原并再次释放进入大气,造成二次污染.针对这一问题,本研究选择了常用的Na2S、三巯基均三嗪三钠盐(TMT)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTC)等系列重捕剂,考察了投加量对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响,并筛选出了去除效果较好的3种类型重捕剂,探究了脱硫液中主要的阴阳离子(SO_2-4、NO-3、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))及重金属离子等共存离子对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响.结果表明:Na2S、TMT类重捕剂TMT-18和DTC类重捕剂DTCR-2的去除效果相对较好;SO_2-4、NO-3会抑制TMT-18和Na2S对Hg~(2+)的去除,对DTCR-2稍有促进作用;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对TMT-18去除Hg~(2+)有促进作用,而对Na2S有抑制作用;重金属离子会抑制重捕剂对Hg~(2+)的去除效果,Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对Hg~(2+)螯合去除效果的影响较Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)要大,随着Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,DTCR-2对Hg~(2+)的去除显著降低,Cu~(2+)浓度的影响尤为显著.本研究可为解决Hg~(2+)在脱硫液中的还原再释放及二次污染问题,同时也为湿法烟气脱硫同时脱汞的工业应用提供理论依据.     

2015年1月下旬北京市大气污染过程成因分析

采用地面观测和数值模拟相结合的方式,对2015年1月下旬北京市两次PM_2.5污染过程进行分析。研究表明,在第1次过程中PM_2.5浓度经过3个抬升阶段达到峰值,过程前期区域传输的作用明显,随后区域传输和本地污染积累、化学反应共同加重了污染的程度;3个浓度抬升阶段中均出现过PM_2.5浓度“跃升式”增长,且污染水平越重,浓度跃升的幅度越大。第2次过程是一次典型的静风、高湿度下的PM_2.5持续性增长过程,主要是本地污染物积累和发生化学反应二次生成导致的。大气氧化性分析和SOR、NOR分析均验证了对两次污染过程特征和成因的推断。数值模拟结果表明,第1次污染过程中区域传输对不同站点PM_2.5的贡献率在15.2%~68.7%之间;第2次过程区域传输的贡献率在12.8%~46.3%之间。     

Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei, China

Size-classified daily aerosol mass concentrations and concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were measured in Hefei,China,in four representative months between September 2012 and August 2013.An annual average mass concentration of 169.09μg/m~3 for total suspended particulate(TSP)was measured using an Andersen Mark-II cascade impactor.The seasonal average mass concentration was highest in winter(234.73μg/m~3)and lowest in summer(91.71μg/m~3).Water-soluble ions accounted for 59.49%,32.90%,48.62%and 37.08%of the aerosol mass concentration in winter,spring,summer,and fall,respectively,which indicated that ionic species were the primary constituents of the atmospheric aerosols.The four most abundant ions were NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),Ca~(2+) and NH_4~+.With the exception of Ca~(2+),the mass concentrations of water-soluble ions were in an intermediate range compared with the levels for other Chinese cities.Sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium were the dominant fine-particle species,which were bimodally distributed in spring,summer and fall;however,the size distribution became unimodal in winter,with a peak at 1.1–2.1μm.The Ca~(2+) peak occurred at approximately 4.7–5.8μm in all seasons.The cation to anion ratio was close to 1.4,which suggested that the aerosol particles were alkalescent in Hefei.The average NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)mass ratio was 1.10 in Hefei,which indicated that mobile source emissions were predominant.Significant positive correlation coefficients between the concentrations of NH_4~+ and SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+ and NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)and NO_3~-,and Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+) were also indicated,suggesting that aerosol particles may be present as(NH_4)_2SO_4,NH_4HSO_4,and NH_4NO_3.     

柠檬酸-沼气双发酵耦联工艺中钠离子的影响

提出了柠檬酸-沼气双发酵耦联工艺,用于处理柠檬酸发酵过程中产生的废水,柠檬酸废水经厌氧消化处理后作为配料水回用于下一批次的柠檬酸发酵,从而实现废水零排放。厌氧水中超过1 000mg/L的Na~+在回用过程中会严重抑制柠檬酸发酵,柠檬酸产量为118.5 g/L,较空白下降了15.6%。单因素试验表明,Na~+对柠檬酸发酵的抑制质量浓度为200 mg/L。通过对发酵过程中糖化酶、异麦芽糖酶及柠檬酸合成酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶等胞内关键酶活力变化的分析,初步探讨了其影响机理。结果表明,高达1 000 mg/L的Na~+会导致黑曲霉胞内异柠檬酸脱氢酶活力升高,柠檬酸代谢活力增强。同时,培养基中糖化酶和异麦芽糖酶活力受到抑制,发酵结束时部分糊精和异麦芽糖不能被完全降解,残总糖质量浓度升高至30 g/L,黑曲霉可利用的糖浓度减小,柠檬酸合成速率和柠檬酸产量降低。加入过量糖化酶可以有效减弱高质量浓度Na~+的抑制作用,但柠檬酸产量仍然低于去离子水发酵。     

北京灰霾天PM_(2.5)中有机官能团和无机离子的ATR-FTIR研究

采用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)研究北京西北城区灰霾天气下PM_(2.5)中有机官能团(R-OH羟基、R-CH脂肪族碳氢基、R-CO-羰基、R-NO2硝基官能团)和无机离子(NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)的变化规律.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中无机离子(NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)的ATR-FTIR吸收峰值高于有机官能团(R-CH,R-CO-,R-NO_2,R-OH)的峰值;有机官能团R-CH的吸收峰峰值高于R-CO-和R-NO_2官能团的吸收峰,R-OH官能团的吸收峰峰值最低.灰霾天PM_(2.5)中各有机官能团和无机离子的ATR-FTIR吸收峰值明显高于非灰霾天.说明灰霾天气下PM_(2.5)中这些官能团及无机离子的质量浓度均高于非灰霾天.灰霾天PM_(2.5)中无机离子(NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)质量浓度高于有机官能团(R-CH,R-CO-,R-NO_2,R-OH)的质量浓度,且有机官能团以R-CH为主,R-CO-,R-NO_2次之,R-OH最少.     

石家庄夏季大气PM_(10)和水溶性离子污染特征

于2014年7月在石家庄市区对大气环境PM_(10)进行样品采集,并对PM_(10)浓度和水溶性离子的污染特征进行了分析。结果表明:采样期间PM_(10)质量浓度为(145.2±58.7)μg/m3,重污染天气主要是由于气象条件和地理位置共同造成的。水溶性离子是PM_(10)中含量较高的组分,其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4之和占总水溶性离子质量浓度的80.7%,Ca2+和Mg2+相关系数高达0.88,表明两者来源一致,Na+和Cl-浓度受人为活动的影响较大,K+主要来自生物质燃烧。PM_(10)中硫氧化率和氮氧化率分别为0.37和0.28,表明大气中存在SO2和NO2二次转化过程。