Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

Impact of Post-Methanation Distillery Effluent Irrigation on Groundwater Quality

Molasses-based distilleries generate large quantities of effluent, which is used for irrigation in many countries including India. The effluent is rich in organic and inorganic ions, which may leach down and pollute the groundwater. An on-farm experiment was conducted to assess the impact of long-term irrigation with post-methanation distillery effluent (PMDE) on nitrate, sulphate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium contents in the groundwater of two sites in northwest India. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and colour were also determined to assess the chemical load in the groundwater. Nitrate content in the groundwater samples ranged from 16.95 mg L⁻¹ in the unamended fields to 59.81 mg L⁻¹ in the PMDE-amended fields during the 2-year study (2001–2002). Concentrations of TDS in water samples from tubewell of the amended field was higher by 40.4% over the tubewell water of the unamended field. Colour of the water samples of the amended fields was also darker than that of the unamended fields. The study indicated that the organic and inorganic ions added through the effluent could pose a serious threat to the groundwater quality if applied without proper monitoring.     

固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾减容和除臭的研究

在密闭的容器中考察不同条件下固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾的减容和除臭效果.结果表明,固体XM菌剂不但可防止新鲜生活垃圾变臭,而且对已产生的生活垃圾臭味具有明显的消除效果.固体XM菌剂可使新鲜的生活垃圾在降解过程中仅产生少量臭味,到15 d时基本消失并产生酯香气味,减容量可达46%.用质量分数为3%的固体XM菌剂处理已发臭的生活垃圾,15 d时氨气和硫化氢的释放量分别减少54.8%和49.0%.此外,保持较高的温度以及50%～60%的垃圾含水量,除臭效果最佳.从垃圾降解过程中渗滤液的产生量、澄清度、酸碱度和气味的变化分析得出,固体XM菌剂已成为垃圾发酵过程中的主导菌群,这可能是生活垃圾除臭的根本原因.     

膦基聚羧酸与其他水处理剂的协同效应研究

利用水处理剂复配体系之间的协同效应,可以提高现有水处理剂的使用效率。对次膦酸基聚丙烯酸(PCA)分别与HEDP和PAA复配后的阻垢及缓蚀性能试验结果表明,将60％的PcA与40％的HEDP、以及将80％的PCA与20％的HEDP分别复配后,在阻碳酸钙与阻硫酸钙垢作用方面均具有协同效应,将PCA与PAA复配后,在阻碳酸钙与硫酸钙垢作用方面不存在协同效应。任意质量分数的PCA与HEDP复配后均具有缓蚀协同效应,PCA与PAA复配后不存在缓蚀协同效应。     

痕量离子促进厌氧消化过程的试验研究

用正交试验方法研究了Ｍｇ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ痕量金属离子对厌氧消化过程的促进作用，试验发现，当Ｍｇ离子为０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ离子为１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的组合浓度时，厌氧污泥活性提高最明显，同时还得到了这些痕量离子促进厌氧消化过程的主次顺序。     

华北城市地区潜水中主要离子含量变化的反应途径模拟

近三十年来，由于污染，华北城市地区潜水中主要离子如Ｃａ￣（２＋）、Ｍｇ￣（２＋）等含量逐年升高，影响工农业生产，本文采用反应途径模拟的方法对上述情况进行了研究，作者共设计了７种反应途径，分别模拟了含碳酸盐或硅酸盐、铝硅酸盐较丰富地区地下水中盐效应和ＣＯ＿２分压升高对其主要离子含量的影响．模拟过程中考虑了２２种化学反应，３３种存在形式（包括气体、固体）。结果表明，盐效应和ＣＯ＿２分压升高对地下水中Ｃａ￣（２＋）、Ｍｇ￣（２＋）浓度的升高有明显影响，上述两种因素对Ｃａ、Ｍｇ硅酸盐、铝硅酸盐溶解的影响更为明显。     

火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中的铬

本文采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤样品中铬的含量,对测定中涉及的主要影响因素,乙炔流量、燃烧头高度以及共存元素Al、Ca、Mg、Fe等对Cr测定时的影响规律及原因进行了研究和讨论,并通过实验发现以1%H2SO4-1%Na2SO4作为抗干扰剂,能较好地消除Al、Ca、Mg、Fe对Cr测定的影响,确定了以1%H2SO4-1%Na2SO4为抗干扰剂时仪器的最佳分析条件.加标回收实验及标准样品的分析表明,该方法具有待测液稳定,准确度和精密度高的特点.     

Fenton试剂在污水处理上的发展与展望

为了进一步将Fenton试剂技术应用在污水处理上，通过查阅中外文献。详细介绍了Fenton试剂的发展历史和目前在污水处理上的应用，给出了公认的反应机理。最终，讨论并总结了Fenton试剂在污水处理上的未来发展方向。     

Diatomic remains in sediments of Le An River flowing into Po Yang Lake

ＤｉａｔｏｍｉｃｒｅｍａｉｎｓｉｎｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆＬｅＡｎＲｉｖｅｒｆｌｏｗｉｎｇｉｎｔｏＰｏＹａｎｇＬａｋｅ￥ＣｈａｎｇＴｓａｎｇＰｉ（ＲｅｓｅｎＳｔｒ．２２．Ｄ－８５７１６Ｌｏｈｈｏｆ，Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ）；ＷａｎｇＷｅｎｈｕａ（Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃ...     

金属离子修饰纳米TiO2薄膜光催化降解苯酚

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2薄膜，在制备过程中分别掺杂一定量的Fe^3 、Zn^2 、Pd^2 等金属离子。以高压汞灯做光源，用制得的纳米TiO2薄膜对苯酚作光催化降解实验，结果表明：掺杂Fe^3 、Zn^2 、Pd^2 的纳米TiO2催化剂光催化性能明显提高。并探讨了金属离子掺杂浓度和氧化剂对光催化的影响。