Enteric Viruses in a Large Waterborne Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in Finland

In Nokia city about 450,000 l of treated sewage water was for 2 days allowed to run into the drinking water supplies of the city due to a personal error of one employee. Within the next 5 weeks about 1,000 people sought care at the municipal health centre or regional hospital because of gastroenteritis. Here we report the results of viral analyses performed by gene amplification assays from the earliest water and sewage samples as well as from close to 300 patient samples. The contaminating treated sewage was shown to harbour several enteric viruses known to cause acute gastroenteritis. Likewise, the drinking water sample was positive for noro-, astro-, rota-, entero- and adenoviruses. Noroviruses were also found in 29.8% of stool samples from affected patients, while astro-, adeno-, rota- and enteroviruses were detected in 19.7, 18.2, 7.5 and 3.7% of the specimens, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

废弃重组质粒DNA热处理效率的环境影响因素

为了解环境因素对质粒DNA热处理效率的影响以及热处理过程的有效性和安全性,以pET-28b质粒为材料,采用定量PCR技术结合质粒转化等方法分析了pH、NaCl、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)及EDTA浓度等因素对质粒DNA热处理的影响.结果表明,NaCl、BSA及EDTA的存在对热处理过程中的质粒DNA具有保护作用,且保护作用依次增强.在纯水中热处理30min后的质粒DNA可扩增的片段数仅是在0.1%的EDTA中热处理30min后质粒DNA可扩增片段数目的1.7%.由于生物实验室废水中通常含有上述有机或无机物质,因此,实际热处理过程中质粒DNA的降解半衰期可能远长于先前报道的2.7～4min,残留的转化活性也可能更高,这必须引起我们高度关注.但是,研究结果也表明,酸性条件下的热处理能加速质粒DNA的失活和降解,因此建议热处理过程可在弱酸性条件下完成,以强化其处理效果.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in Zoige wetland soils under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions

Zoige wetland is one of the most important methane emission centers in China. The oxidation of methane in the wetland a ects global warming, soil ecology and atmospheric chemistry. Despite their global significance, microorganisms that consume methane in Zoige wetland remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated methanotrophs diversity in soil samples from both anaerobic site and aerobic site in Zoige wetland using pmoA gene as a molecular marker. The cloning library was constructed according to the pmoA sequences detected. Four clusters of methanotrophs were detected. The phylogenetic tree showed that all four clusters detected were a liated to type I methanotrophs. Two novel clusters (cluster 1, cluster 2) were found to relate to none of the recognized genera of methanotrophs. These clusters have no cultured representatives and reveal an ecological adaptation of particular uncultured methanotrophs in Zoige wetland. Two clusters were belonging to Methylobacter and Methylococcus separately. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gel bands pattern retrieved from these two samples revealed that the community compositions of anaerobic soil and aerobic soil were di erent from each other while anaerobic soil showed a higher metanotrophs diversity. Real-time PCR assays of the two samples demonstrated that aerobic soil sample in Zoige wetland was 1.5 times as much copy numbers as anaerobic soil. These data illustrated that methanotrophs are a group of microorganisms influence the methane consumption in Zoige wetland.     

太湖表层底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的时空变化

为了研究太湖底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的时空变化,分别于2010年冬季(2月)、春季(4月)和夏季(6月)采集太湖不同湖区底泥样品,应用基于mcyA基因的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和实时定量PCR(QPCR)技术分析底泥样品.结果表明,产毒蓝藻在太湖底泥中分布广泛,其群落结构和种群丰度存在空间和季节差异性:不同湖区间群落组成相似性系数变化范围为67%～97%;冬季、春季和夏季底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构的香农多样性指数变化范围分别为2.774～3.392、1.649～2.619和0.681～1.996,呈逐渐下降趋势;且香农多样性指数与样品中优势基因型所占比例呈极显著负相关(p<0.01,r=-0.95);从冬季到夏季,底泥中蓝藻复苏进入水体中,产毒蓝藻种群丰度逐渐降低.底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的动态变化与温度、光照、溶解氧、电导率和pH值密切相关.     

泉州湾河口湿地土壤硝化细菌的数量变化

为了解硝化细菌在泉州湾湿地中不同区域和不同植被土壤中的数量变化规律,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法分别对不同红树林植被土壤中的硝化杆菌属、硝化螺菌属、亚硝化单胞菌属进行鉴定和相对定量。结果表明:不同区域和不同植被土壤中三属硝化细菌相对数量有显著差异,有植被土壤高于空地和裸地;在有植被的土壤中,白骨壤下土壤最低;原生桐花树的硝化螺菌属数量明显高于其他植被土壤,互花米草的硝化杆菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属数量明显都高于红树林植被土壤。硝化细菌数量变化与植被类型和土壤的理化因子有关。     

SBR后置缺氧反硝化除磷的启动及去除性能

为实现对氮磷的高效同步去除,采用将缺氧后置的SBR工艺,以生活污水为处理对象,考察反硝化除磷工艺的启动与运行效果.结果表明,先通过短污泥龄(SRT)驯化富集聚磷菌(PAOs),再延长污泥龄并引入缺氧段,39d即可实现反硝化除磷工艺的启动,COD、TP、NH₄⁺-N、TN去除率分别为92.9%、98.4%、100%和87.6%.进水COD与TN比(C/N)对系统氮磷去除有一定影响:C/N短暂的降低幅度不超过17.65%时,氮磷去除效率并没有明显变化;当超过33.3%时,脱氮除磷性能下降,但伴随着运行时间的延长,出水COD浓度减少,反硝化除磷菌(DPAOs)在PAOs比例也会提升,这在一定程度上弥补了DPAOs反硝化脱氮效率的下降.周期实验表明,pH值与DO可以作为厌氧释磷结束与周期结束的实时控制参数,大大缩短反应时间,降低曝气能耗.     

铁矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落变化的影响

以密云水库上游某铁矿区为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR研究了矿区内不同采样点土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌基因数量的变化,并结合土壤的理化性质与重金属污染情况进行了相关分析. 结果表明,研究区微生物的基因数量与该地区的w(AP)(AP为有效磷)均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);细菌、放线菌的基因数量与该地区的内梅罗污染指数呈显著负相关〔二者R分别为-0.756(P<0.01)和-0.614(P<0.05)〕,而真菌的基因数量与内梅罗污染指数无显著相关性. 采用PCR-DGGE研究了细菌、真菌、放线菌的群落结构变化,冗余度分析结果表明,内梅罗污染指数对细菌、放线菌的种群分布影响较大(P<0.05),对真菌的影响则较小. 细菌、放线菌的种群多样性水平随着污染程度升高呈先升后降的趋势. 微生物数量和结构的变化都表明,不同类群的微生物对重金属敏感程度为真菌抗性最强,放线菌和细菌次之. Cd和Cu污染抑制了土壤中微生物的数量和群落多样性,而轻度Cr、Pb和Zn污染则促进了群落数量的增加和群落结构多样性的丰富.      

硫酸盐还原菌促进市政污泥厌氧发酵产乙酸

添加各浓度钼酸盐考察不同抑制水平下硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对市政污泥发酵产酸的作用. 结果表明:在有硫酸盐存在时,未抑制SRB体系中ρ(乙酸)占ρ(总VFAs)的比例可达83%,无丙酸、丁酸积累;而在SRB高抑制水平体系中,ρ(乙酸)只占约40%. 随后以未添加硫酸盐体系为对照,研究了硫酸盐投加方式及在发酵中后期抑制SRB对产物中挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)成分及其浓度的影响;同时,通过对dsrA酶的编码基因含量定量分析发现,随着硫酸盐的加入,SRB数量速增,产物中丙酸、丁酸先后转化为乙酸,且ρ(乙酸)占ρ(总VFAs)的比例可达90%以上. 添加SRB可作为实现污泥发酵定向累积乙酸的调控手段.      

抗除草剂转基因作物实时荧光定量PC检测

建立了一种以SYBR Green Ⅰ为结合染料、快速准确检测转抗除草剂基因成分的实时荧光定量PCR方法.以转基因大豆与转基因玉米标准品为材料,通过使用特异性引物和SYBR Green Ⅰ结合染料实时荧光定量PCR技术,对转基因农作物中外源抗除草剂基因进行了定量检测,绘制了两种基因扩增的标准曲线图,根据标准曲线方程计算外源基因含量;并作了溶解曲线、检测方法检测灵敏度和精密度的分析.研究发现,两者标准曲线方程线性关系良好.R~2 值分别达到0.993 9与0.992 4.通过已知标准品进行验证,实测值与真值接近,与实际含量的相埘偏差是6.52%和7.90%.结果表明,SYBR Green Ⅰ结合染料法完全可以用于转基因农作物定量PCR检测.图5表2参11