AQUATOX: Modeling environmental fate and ecological effects in aquatic ecosystems

AQUATOX combines aquatic ecosystem, chemical fate, and ecotoxicological constructs to obtain a truly integrative fate and effects model. It is a general, mechanistic ecological risk assessment model intended to be used to evaluate past, present, and future direct and indirect effects from various stressors including nutrients, organic wastes, sediments, toxic organic chemicals, flow, and temperature in aquatic ecosystems. The model has a very flexible structure and provides multiple analytical tools useful for evaluating ecological effects, including uncertainty analysis, nominal range sensitivity analysis, comparison of perturbed and control simulations, and graphing and tabulation of predicted concentrations, rates, and photosynthetic limitations. It can represent a full aquatic food web, including multiple genera and guilds of periphyton, phytoplankton, submersed aquatic vegetation, invertebrates, and fish and associated organic toxicants. It can model up to 20 organic chemicals simultaneously. (It does not model metals.) Modeled processes for organic toxicants include chemodynamics of neutral and ionized organic chemicals, bioaccumulation as a function of sorption and bioenergetics, biotransformation to daughter products, and sublethal and lethal toxicity. It has an extensive library of default biotic, chemical, and toxicological parameters and incorporates the ICE regression equations for estimating toxicity in numerous organisms. The model has been implemented for streams, small rivers, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. It is an integral part of the BASINS system with linkage to the watershed models HSPF and SWAT.     

活化沸石曝气生物滤池预处理微污染源水的研究

采用上流式活化沸石滤料曝气生物滤池(AZBAF)对杭州市某微污染地表源水进行生物预处理.结果表明,活化沸石的高效吸附作用可使AZBAF通过自然挂膜实现快速启动.在水力负荷1.2m/h,气水比为(3~1):1条件下,AZBAF对TOC和CODMn的去除率分别为40%~60%和10%~27%,尤其对小分子量(MW<1kDa)有机物具有良好的降解作用.同时系统对NH3-N的去除率保持在90%以上.污染物的去除主要发生在滤池30cm以下部分,这与其中微生物的数量和活性分布规律一致.暂时停运(5~10d和35d)对生物过滤影响较小,系统重启后可在6~8h和24h内基本恢复至原有处理水平.     

小分子有机醇强化过硫酸盐氧化水中二苯甲酮-3的研究

探究了小分子有机醇对过二硫酸盐(Peroxydisulfate, PDS)氧化降解二苯甲酮-3(Benzophenone-3, BP-3)的强化作用及反应机制.研究结果表明,4种有机醇(甲醇、丙醇、乙二醇和丙三醇)均在一定浓度范围内能有效促进过硫酸盐氧化降解BP-3,BP-3的降解速率随醇类分子碳链长度和羟基数目的增加而增加,增强效果依次为丙三醇>乙二醇>丙醇>甲醇.在低添加量时(21.9~350 μmol·L^-1),有机醇的添加增加了BP-3降解速率,但随着醇量的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,例如丙三醇添加量从21.9 μmol·L^-1增加到87.6 μmol·L^-1,BP-3降解动力学常数从2.91×10^-4 s^-1提高到3.58×10^-4 s^-1,增加了0.23倍;但加入过多的醇却抑制了BP-3的降解,例如丙三醇添加量从87.6 μmol·L^-1进一步增加到350 μmol·L^-1,BP-3降解速率降低29.0%(2.54×10^-4 s^-1).反应温度也能有效促进醇的强化作用,温度从40 ℃升至60 ℃,添加丙三醇87.6 μmol·L^-1,BP-3的降解速率常数从6.84×10^-6 s^-1提高至6.69×10^-4 s^-1,提高了96.8倍.小分子有机醇主要是通过与·OH反应产生醇自由基,进一步激活过硫酸盐产生SO₄^·-,显著增加了SO₄^·-的产率,从而加速过硫酸盐降解BP-3的效率.     

Pollutant removal from municipal wastewater employing baffled subsurface flow and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetlands

This article reports pollutant removal performances of baffled subsurface flow, and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetland units, when arranged in series for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. The wetland units （of the hybrid system） included organic, inorganic media, and were planted with nineteen types of macrophytes. The wetland train was operated under hydraulic loading fluctuation and seasonal variation. The performance analyses （across the wetland units） illustrated simultaneous denitrification and organics removal rates in the first stage vertical flow wetland, due to organic carbon leaching from the employed organic media. Higher mean organics removal rates （656.0 g COD]（m2.day）） did not completely inhibit nitrification in the first stage vertical flow system; such pattern could be linked to effective utilization of the trapped oxygen, as the flow was directed throughout the media by the baffle walls. Second stage horizontal flow wetland showed enhanced biodegradable organics removal, which depleted organic carbon availability for denitrification. The final stage integrated wetland system allowed further nitrogen removal from wastewater, via nutrient uptake by plant roots （along with nitrification）, and generation of organic carbon （by the dead macrophytes） to support denitrification. The system achieved higher E. coli mortality through protozoa predation, E. coli oxidation, and destruction by UV radiation. In general, enhanced pollutant removal efflciencies as demonstrated by the structurally modified hybrid wetland system signify the necessity of such modification, when operated under adverse conditions such as： substantial input organics loading, hydraulic loading fluctuation, and seasonal variation.     

MIEX预处理技术对长江原水中有机物的去除效能

利用烧杯试验研究了磁性离子交换树脂（magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX）预处理对长江原水中有机物的去除效能,以总溶解有机碳(DOC)、254 nm紫外吸收值(UV254)、有机物相对分子质量分布、有机物分级、紫外扫描以及消毒副产物生成量等指标进行表征.结果表明,长江水源水中的有机物主要为小分子亲水性有机物,其含量占有机物总量的50%以上;MIEX预处理可以有效降低水中有机物的含量,投加量为10 mL/L、接触时间为15 min时,DOC的去除率超过35%,相对分子质量和分级的测定结果表明,小分子亲水性部分有机物的去除导致了DOC去除效果的改善;从紫外扫描结果可看出,MIEX预处理对在190～250 nm波长时有强吸收的有机物去除效果非常明显,但对在高于250 nm波长处有吸收的有机物去除效果与混凝阶段的效果相近.     

超滤工艺净化微污染原水的试验研究

采用混凝沉淀-超滤工艺对微污染原水进行试验,对组合工艺的除污染特性进行了研究。结果表明,组合工艺对浊度、颗粒物和藻类的去除效果非常好。出水浊度稳定在0.1NTU以下,水中粒径>2μm的颗粒数约19个/mL,藻类平均数量约为2.2×104个/L。在去除有机物方面,组合工艺对高锰酸盐指数、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为38.0%、15.2%和32.6%,其中对高锰酸盐指数的去除效果较为突出,出水高锰酸盐指数浓度为2.69~2.87mg/L。组合工艺去除的有机物是分子量大于3KD的大分子有机物,对小分子有机物去除效果不明显。其中,混凝沉淀主要去除了水中的疏水性有机物和亲水荷电有机物,超滤膜去除的有机物则以亲水中性有机物为主。在工艺运行期间,超滤膜的跨膜压差增加了约12.3%,跨膜压差的升高主要由被超滤膜吸附的小分子有机物产生。     

微波强化铁碳-双氧水体系处理填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液研究

为了探讨微波(MW)/铁碳(Fe-C)/H_2O_2类芬顿反应对填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液(简称"渗滤液浓缩液")中难降解有机物,系统研究了双氧水投量、Fe-C投量、初始pH值、微波输出功率和反应时间对浓缩液中有机污染物的去除规律,通过类比实验研究了MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系的反应协同作用;此外,采用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱表征了浓缩液中溶解性有机物的分子结构变化;最后,利用SEM-EDS和XRD等表征对反应前后的Fe-C材料的催化机理进行了解析.结果表明,在双氧水投量为10 mL·L~(-1),Fe-C投量0.8 g·L~(-1),初始pH值为3,微波输出功率为450 W,反应时间为12 min时,其COD、腐殖质和色度的去除率达到了70.06%、94.61%和98.86%.与此同时,控制实验表明MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2具有较强的协同作用,且对有机物的降解效果远好于其他体系.经过MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系处理后,浓缩液中溶解性有机物的芳香性程度和腐殖质缩合度逐渐降低,并且腐殖质等大分子难降解有机物大幅去除,可生化性(BOD/COD值)也大幅提升.一方面,Fe-C材料包含了多种铁基氧化物等活性物质可与H_2O_2形成非均相芬顿反应;另一方面,在酸性条件下铁缓释淋滤产生的铁离子会与H_2O_2形成芬顿反应.并且,微波辐射作用可一定程度上强化上述过程,从而加速了有机物的去除.因此,MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系能够快速高效的对渗滤液浓缩液进行预处理,研究为高浓度有机废水的处理提供了借鉴.     

生物反应器填埋条件下垃圾生物质组分的初期降解规律

在经甲烷化填埋层渗滤后的渗滤液循环回灌的新鲜垃圾填埋层内,以生物质分类表征为基础,分析了新鲜垃圾填埋层内固相各生物质组分（总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素和木质素）的初期降解规律.结果表明,垃圾中原有总糖组分和蛋白质的快速水解发酵是新鲜垃圾填埋后产生高有机质浓度渗滤液的主要机制;脂肪和纤维素的降解产物不是填埋初期高有机质浓度渗滤液的主要来源;纤维素是填埋层稳定产甲烷阶段的主要碳源,其水解速率可能是甲烷化过程的限速步骤;纤维素/木质素之质量比可作为指示填埋垃圾稳定化的指标.各生物质组分的初期降解速率常数均在0.01至0.1之间,而填埋气体中甲烷体积分数在60d内达到45%.食品垃圾组分富集的生活垃圾,应用生物反应器填埋技术时,必须具备足够的降解容量以代谢填埋初期固相中总糖和蛋白质快速水解产生的酸性液相产物.     

碱水解法处理脱水污泥的有机物溶出特性

碱水解法是一种有效的脱水污泥减量化方法,但碱水解法处理脱水污泥过程中产生的高浓度有机物溶液性质尚不明确。试验研究了脱水污泥在不同碱浓度处理下所得碱提取液中化学需氧量(TCOD)和溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、蛋白质、多糖、核酸的含量,明确了碱提取液中有机物组成,为实现碱水解液的综合利用,消除碱水解法用于污泥减量化过程中的二次污染提供了理论依据。研究结果表明,在碱处理浓度介于0.1¹ mol/L的条件下,提取物中SCOD浓度可达4 196.45 mg/L、SCOD/TCOD为90%、蛋白质浓度可达448.43 mg/L、多糖浓度为92.96 mg/L、核酸浓度为35.91 mg/L,且各指标整体碱浓度增大而增大。碱处理过程中脱水污泥中有机物发生了显著的溶解,污泥中的细菌被水解破碎。碱提取液具有将其作为生物处理设施外加碳源、动物饲料等潜在的利用价值。     

挥发及半挥发有机物污染场地蒸汽抽提修复技术原理与影响因素

土壤蒸汽抽提技术(soil vapor extraction,SVE)因其对挥发性/半挥发性有机物污染土壤治理的有效性、经济性和环境友好性,被广泛用于该类有机物污染土壤的修复.本文介绍了SVE技术的基本原理和工程技术实施的基本步骤,并且讨论了影响SVE修复技术的因素和3种SVE强化技术,最后概述了我国对SVE技术的研究...