露天煤矿的土地复垦

本文论术字露天煤矿土地复垦的现状，着重了矿区土地地复垦规划，提出了一个土地复垦规划的模型，并且对复垦方向的选择和复垦控制进行了初步的探讨。     

Establishment and Growth of Experimental Grass Species Mixtures on Coal Mine Sites Reclaimed with Municipal Biosolids

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires that coal mine sites in the United States be reclaimed to establish vegetative cover that is diverse, native, and capable of plant succession. However, there is a question as to whether vegetation established on coal mine sites reclaimed with biosolids is diverse and capable of plant succession. The influx of nutrients with the addition of biosolids leads to long-term dominance by early-successional species, most notably grasses, and consequently, a low establishment of woody and volunteer species. Additionally, many grass species commonly planted in reclamation have aggressive growth habits that lead to their dominance in coal mine plant communities. The establishment and growth of selected grass mixes was evaluated to determine whether alternative grass mixes would be less competitive with woody and volunteer species as compared to commonly used grass mixes. Percent vegetative cover, species richness, and the survival of direct-seeded woody species were assessed for each treatment grass mixture. It was found that Poa compressa and a mixture of P. compressa, Panicum virgatum, and Trifolium repens provided adequate coverage while still allowing the highest species richness and survival of woody species. Use of these species mixtures in coal mine reclamation with biosolids in the eastern United States would likely lead to establishment of a more species-rich plant community with a greater woody species component while still providing erosion control and site protection.     

延安新造贫瘠耕地适生农作物及其高产品种筛选

2013?—?2017年延安市实施了治沟造地工程,总投资约50亿,新造耕地3.33万hm2,但是研究发现新造耕地土壤贫瘠,改良需要较长时间.因此筛选新造耕地适生农作物及其高产品种,指导农业生产实践显得尤为重要和迫切.为此,本研究开展延安新造耕地适生农作物筛选实验,发现马铃薯为新造耕地适生农业作物,进而从甘肃等地选择有代...     

Changes of Land Use and of Ecosystem Service Values in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Agricultural activities, especially reclamation, are considered major threats to the wetland ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain, the largest concentrated area of the freshwater wetlands in China. In the past decades, the area of the cultivated land and its grain production have been increased at the cost of wetlands shrinkage. The large-scale land reclamation severely affected the ecosystems in this region. However, such effects at the regional scale are seldom evaluated quantitatively. We used three datasets of LANDSAT MSS and/or TM imagery to estimate the area changes and the transition of land use types from 1980 to 2000. We also valued changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land category using value coefficients published by Costanza et al. [Nature 387, 1997, 253–260]. Sensitivity analysis suggested that these estimates were relatively robust. Finally, the contribution of various ecosystem functions was ranked to the overall value of the ecosystem services in this study. According to our estimates, the total annual ecosystem service values in Sanjiang Plain have declined by about 40% between 1980 and 2000 ($156284–182572.18 million in total over 20 years). This substantial decline is largely attributed to the 53.4% loss of wetlands. For individual ecosystem functions, waste treatment, water supply and disturbance regulation account for more than 60% to the total ecological values. During those two decades, the contribution of disturbance regulation, cultural and recreation decreased, while the contribution of water regulation, nutrient cycling, food production, raw materials and climate regulation increased during the same period. We also put forward a few proposals concerning the future land use policy formulation and sustainable ecosystems. They are adjusting the ‘food first’ agricultural policy, establishing more nature reserves for wetlands, creating systems for the rational use of water, harnessing the degraded cultivated land and encouraging eco-tourism.     

The Impact of Scrubber Sludge on Ground Water Quality at an Abandoned Mine Site

A sulfate-rich flue gas desulfurization scrubber sludge was used as a substitute backfill material in reclamation of an abandoned coal strip mine. The site was surrounded by monitor wells and the material was characterized for leaching behavior using open column experiments. A drain was placed directly beneath the 45 000 ton fill to enable sampling before dilution or attenuation. The column studies indicated that the scrubber sludge would adsorb manganese, iron, aluminium, cobalt, nickel, thallium and zinc contaminants from the water. Changes in pH appear inadequate to explain the removal by precipitation. The groundwater cleaning phenomenon has been confirmed on a field scale by the drain samples. Boron and molybdenum leach from the fly ash was used to fix the scrubber sludge and serve as marker elements enabling calibration of the dispersivity in computer models of the groundwater system at the site. The leachate front appears to be diluted by a factor of 8 : 1 within the first 15 meters. Since boron and molybdenum release are associated only with the first flush, environmental impacts will be minimal. Columns appear to create a time compression effect on the duration of leaching phenomenon. The effect for this site appears to be at least 5 : 1. The columns were effective in predicting which elements would leach or adsorb in the field and in predicting the actual source concentrations. Other shake tests such as the TCLP and the ASTM shake test were found to be less effective at predicting which elements would leach and were not helpful in predicting field concentrations.     

Nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas around a manganese mine in southern China

• The soil TP level was high or extremely high in all areas. • TN, OM and available Cu were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. • All areas reached the heavily polluted level and had high ecological risk levels. • Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants. Nutrient status and pollution levels are the main factors affecting soil restoration. The nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas, an unexplored mine area (UA), an explored mine area (EA), a tailings area (TA), a reclamation area (RA) and an agricultural area (AA), around the Pingle manganese mine in Guangxi, China, were assessed in this study. The results showed that the average total phosphorus in these five areas ranged from 1.05 to 1.57 mg/kg, corresponding to grades of extremely high and high. The average total nitrogen values were 0.19, 0.69, 0.93, 1.24 and 1.67 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, corresponding to grades of very low, low, medium-low, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. The average organic matter values were 12.78, 8.92, 22.77, 21.29 and 29.11 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, which corresponded to grades of medium-low, low, medium-high, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. All these results indicated that the total phosphorus was sufficient in these areas, while the total nitrogen and organic matter were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. The available concentrations of Mn and Zn corresponded to the intermediate grade, while the values for Cu corresponded to the very low grade; these might be another factor restricting ecological reclamation. Contamination and ecological risk assessments based on the single contamination index, Nemerow multi-factor index and potential ecological risk index showed that the five tested areas around the Mn mine were considered heavily polluted and presented high ecological risk. Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants.     

适宜性评价视角下的煤矿土地复垦技术措施研究——以白山市道清沟煤矿为例

基于土地适宜性评价方法,着重选取极限值条件法、AHP层次分析法、加权指数和法对白山市道清沟煤矿区的土地适宜类和土地质量等进行系统综合的分析,判定道清沟煤矿待复垦土地的类型、数量和质量。基于土地破坏现状和适宜性评价结果,提出以工程措施为主、生物化学措施为辅助的土地生态重构对策。     

厌氧后猪场废水资源化制备微生物絮凝剂

通过检测碳源、氮源、磷酸盐和pH等对微生物絮凝剂絮凝率的影响,考察了红平红球菌利用厌氧处理后的猪场废水生产微生物絮凝剂的性能。通过正交实验研究各因素对絮凝率的交互影响以及影响程度的相对大小,从而确定了最佳培养基。结果表明,1.0 L厌氧处理后的猪场废水中加入蔗糖10.0 g、KH2PO42.0 g、K2HPO45.0 g、NaCl 1.0 g、Mg-SO40.2 g,在温度30℃、摇床速度120 r/min、pH=8的条件下发酵72 h后,发酵液的絮凝率可达到92.57%。表明厌氧处理后的猪场废水中加入适量的蔗糖和磷酸盐,完全可以作为一种有效的生产微生物絮凝剂的培养基。     

丝光印染废碱液回用技术的研究

印染企业丝光机排出的废碱液,Na0H质量浓度为3%～5%,废水温度在50℃～70℃,色度>1000倍,SS>400mg/L,含较多棉纱线等,为探讨废碱液回收技术的合理性及可行性,本中试系统采用"滤网过滤+板框压滤+陶瓷膜过滤+蒸发浓缩"的耦合技术,对丝光机排放的废碱液进行预处理及浓缩,中试结果表明,该技术可达到废碱液100%回用,处理后的碱液浓度可达15%～25%,SS<30mg/L,色度<100倍,达到印染行业丝光工序回用的要求。     

围垦养殖与退塘还湿对闽江河口湿地土壤铁碳结合特征的影响

为探究围垦养殖与退塘还湿对河口湿地土壤铁-碳结合特征的影响,本研究选择福建省闽江河口天然湿地、养殖塘以及退塘还湿样地为研究对象,对3个类型中的土壤铁结合态有机碳(Fe-OC)及其相关指标进行测定与分析.结果显示：(1)湿地围垦养殖显著影响土壤Fe-OC含量,其含量在退塘还湿后有所回升;(2)土壤氧化还原过程显著影响土壤中铁相的转化,湿地围垦后土壤中无定形态铁(Fe_o)与络合态铁(Fe_p)含量显著下降(p<0.05),而退塘还湿后土壤中游离态铁(Fe_d)含量显著下降(p<0.05);(3)养殖塘复湿初期,土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量低于养殖塘,且3样地中土壤Fe-OC均主要以吸附途径结合,其在土壤总有机碳中的占比为4.25%～7.85%;(4)土壤Fe-OC含量与土壤SOC、Fe_p、氧化铁的络合度呈显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Fe_o含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),土壤容重和pH是影响土壤Fe-OC含量的重要环境因素.湿地围垦养殖与退塘还湿能够显著影响...