Different phagostimulants in potato foliage for Manduca sexta and Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Summary. In the past decades, several studies have focused on the identification of feeding stimulants for specialists that feed on solanaceous plants, especially potato (Solanum tuberosum). In the 1950's, a phagostimulant was isolated from potato and tomato for Manduca sexta and characterised as a glycoside. It was suggested that the phagostimulant for M. sexta and Leptinotarsa decemlineata is identical. We tested whether these insects indeed share the same recognition factor. Previous bioassays for L. decemlineata larvae and adults were found to be unsatisfactory, so a new assay system was developed, using starch and wheat flour-based wafers as a neutral substrate. An aqueous extract of potato foliage that was highly active as a stimulant was fractionated by reverse phase medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). Both insects were stimulated by a MPLC fraction that eluted with 25% methanol in water. Further separation of this and the following fraction (35% methanol, stimulatory for the beetle only) by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using gradients of water and acetonitrile, resulted in the isolation of two distinct fractions that stimulated feeding by L. decemlineata. None of the HPLC fractions was active for M. sexta. However, fractions of the flash chromatography with less polarity (45–75% methanol) had a stimulatory effect only on M. sexta. Thus, the two insects do not use a common feeding stimulant, and for both at least two compounds of different polarity are active. Received 3 July 2000; accepted 24 October 2000     

An absence of aggression between non-nestmates in the bull ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrmecia nigriceps</Emphasis>

The ability of social insects to discriminate against non-nestmates is vital for maintaining colony integrity, and in most social insect species, individuals act aggressively towards non-nestmates that intrude into their nest. Our experimental field data revealed that intra-colony aggression in the primitive bulldog ant Myrmecia nigriceps is negligible; our series of bioassays revealed no significant difference in the occurrence of aggression in trials involving workers from the same, a close (less than 300 m) or a far (more than 1.5 km) nest. Further, non-nestmate intruders were able to enter the nest in 60% of our trials; a similar level was observed in trials involving nestmates. These results suggest that workers of M. nigriceps are either unable to recognize alien conspecifics or that the costs of ignoring workers from foreign colonies are sufficiently low to favor low levels of inter-colony aggression in this species.     

UNCTAD框架下的长江经济带港口代际识别与战略响应

阐释了长江经济带港口代际识别的意义和UNCTAD框架下港口代际识别的标准。运用模糊模式识别的方法对长江经济带主要港口进行代际识别测度,并对初步识别结果做进一步分析和修正。研究表明:①长江经济带港口代际等级总体上较低,大多数处于UNCTAD框架下的第一代港和第二代港水平;②不同代际港口在空间上呈现出明显的东西分异特征,港口代际等级和港口分布密度由东向西均表现出显著的下降趋势;③从局部空间看,不同等级的港口在地理分布上呈现出一定的"省域化"特征,即在省域范围内形成以一两个高等级港为中心、其他低等级港为支线港、喂给港的港口群形态。根据研究结论,提出长江经济带建设下的港口战略转向:充分认识港口在长江综合运输体系中的作用;有序推进长江经济带港口代际更替;以港口群的形式推进港口建设和适时推进长江沿岸自贸区建设。     

属性识别法在郑州市空气质量评价中的应用研究

阐述了评价环境空气质量的属性识别法,介绍了属性识别理论模型和属性权重的确定,通过将熵值法与属性识别理论相结合,建立了基于熵权的属性识别理论模型,并依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),对郑州市城区2009年至2013年的环境空气质量进行了综合评价.结果表明:2009年至2013年郑州市城区的环境空气质量均为Ⅱ级.属性识别理论概念清晰,计算简单,评价结果比较客观.评价结果表明运用属性识别理论应用于环境空气质量综合评价是合理可信的.     

基于未确知测度理论的煤层底板突水危险性评价

运用未确知测度理论,建立煤矿奥灰岩岩溶水类底板突水评价模型。选取煤层底板的地质构造(断裂构造密度、褶皱、断层导水性、岩体的裂隙发育情况)、水文地质条件(水压、含水性、岩溶含水层发育情况、强水源补给情况)、底板隔水层条件(隔水层厚度、岩石力学强度以及隔水岩层的完整性)、开采条件(采厚和采深)4个一级指标、13项二级指标作为未确知测度模型的判别指标;根据指标值的类型采用定量或定性的方法对其进行分级和赋值,建立评判集,进而构建单指标测度函数。将13个突水评价指标值代入单指标测度函数计算得到单指标测度评价矩阵。利用信息熵理论获得各判别指标的权重,依照置信度识别准则进行等级判定,最后得出煤层底板突水危险性评价结果。利用该方法对肥城矿区14个地质块段的煤层底板突水危险性进行评价,结果表明,该评价结果与矿山实际情况相符。     

Opportunistic discrimination of alien eggs by social wasps (Polistes biglumis, Hymenoptera Vespidae): a defense against social parasitism?

Foundresses of the social wasp Polistes biglumis were tested to see whether they were able to recognize alien eggs experimentally introduced into their own nests. Foundresses removed alien conspecific reproductive-destined eggs while they accepted worker-destined eggs. The results indicate that social wasps discriminate among eggs and that they discriminate against alien eggs destined to produce unrelated reproductives. P. biglumis is a strictly solitary founding species, with no reproductive competition within colonies; thus, brood discrimination abilities could have evolved as a counteradaptation against intra- and inter-specific brood parasitism. Received: 12 May 2000 / Revised: 15 July 2000 / Accepted 20 July 2000     

Worker policing and nest mate recognition in the ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica fusca</Emphasis>

A conflict over male production arises in social insects where workers are able to lay unfertilized male eggs. This happens because each female (queen or worker) is most closely related to her own sons and is thus predicted to reproduce. The conflict is modulated by worker policing where workers prevent each other from reproducing by aggression or egg cannibalism. In this study, we show that in the ant Formica fusca, worker policing occurs by egg cannibalism rather than by overt aggression among workers. Furthermore, we show that, contrary to bees, wasps and other ant species, egg discrimination in F. fusca is not based only on a universal queen signature chemical and that nest mate recognition of eggs occurs.     

基于居民行为的三生空间识别与优化分析框架

“三生空间”是人类经济、社会活动的基本载体,也是人类精神和文化需求的空间反映。识别“三生空间”范围、了解居民“三生”需求、调整“三生空间”供给、统筹“三生空间”功能是国土空间规划内容的核心,也是当前实现治理能力现代化和新时代高质量发展的重要前提。从当前国土空间规划编制的需求出发,依据行为科学和行为地理学等理论方法,探讨了“三生行为”与“三生空间”的理论关联,进而遵循“需求分析与空间识别—问题诊断与目标确定—作用机理与耦合关系—空间优化与政策建议”分析思路,构建基于居民行为的“三生空间”优化分析框架。将居民行为研究与空间供需结合起来,可为国土空间规划工作提供“人本化”的理论框架与新思路。     

农村居民点多维形态空间格局与耦合类型

农村居民点空间形态的系统认识与分类研究是乡村整治和科学实施乡村振兴的重要基础。以北京市平谷区为研究区域,从规模、结构和功能三个维度构建农村居民点形态识别指标,使用多因素综合评价法得到275个行政村的规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度,借助ArcGIS和GeoDa依次对三者进行空间关联分析,进而基于三维特征划分出8种农村居民点耦合类型。结果表明：（1）平谷区农村居民点规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度在空间上均存在空间集聚的正相关性,空间分布分别呈现“递进式”“圈层式”和“镶嵌式”格局。（2）平谷区农村居民点多维形态的地域差异性显著,全区62.8%的村庄表现为低强度,51.3%的村庄表现为结构不合理,61.4%的村庄表现为功能不协调。（3）平谷区以T1-S1-F2型（高强度—合理—不协调型）和T1-S2-F2型（高强度—不合理—不协调型）的农村居民点为主,两者共占农村居民点总量的60.1%,前者主要分布在距离城区较近的乡镇,后者主要分布在距离城区较远的北部、西南部和东部的山地丘陵区。（4）规模强度高、结构不合理、功能不协调的农村居民点类型是平谷区乡村协同发展的主要障碍,政策制度、技术工程、产业扶持等差别化治理模式是推进农村居民点可持续性利用和乡村振兴的关键。     

基于万古霉素手性柱的马来酸扑尔敏对映体分离及其识别机理

药物是环境介质中一类新型污染物,多数药物具有手性对映体特性,药物对映体的分离分析是研究对映体水平药物环境行为和效应的前提.采用商品手性柱Chirobiotic#x00AE;V,在反相条件下,对马来酸扑尔敏进行了手性分离,考察了不同流速、柱温、pH值和流动相组成对分离的影响,并优化了色谱条件.结果表明:以含0.1%(体积分数)冰醋酸和0.1%(体积分数)三乙胺的水溶液(TEAA)与四氢呋喃(THF)混合为流动相,在所研究范围内,随着流动相中THF含量的增加、pH值增大和流速增大,马来酸扑尔敏对映体的分离效果降低;柱温影响存在峰值现象,即分离效果随温度的升高先增大后减小.优化得到的拆分条件为:流动相TEAA∶THF为95∶5(V/V),pH值为3,流速为0.3 mL·min~(-1),柱温为15℃.利用分子对接技术模拟万古霉素不同区域与扑尔敏对映体间的相互作用,计算得到了最稳定结合能,据此预测对映体的出峰顺序与实验结果完全一致.初步手性识别机理研究结果表明,引起手性识别的主要作用力为氢键作用.