When to be neighbourly: differential agonistic responses in the lizard Platysaurus broadleyi

Differential treatment of neighbours and strangers (the dear enemy phenomenon) can reduce the costly effects of territory defence. Individual recognition, and by extension the dear enemy phenomenon, was examined in the cordylid lizard Platysaurus broadleyi. I had no knowledge of familiarity between individuals and therefore classed intruders as neighbours or non-neighbours and tested for differences in agonistic response consistent with the dear enemy phenomenon. In the dear enemy phenomenon, levels of aggression are inversely related to degree of familiarity such that residents are more tolerant of immediate neighbours than distant territory holders. A manipulative field experiment in conjunction with field observations of known territory holders revealed that resident males allowed neighbours to approach more closely than non-neighbours before challenging them, residents were more aggressive towards non-neighbours than neighbours, contests between neighbours were significantly longer than between neighbours and non-neighbours and contests between residents and non-neighbours were likely to result in a win for the resident, while neighbours frequently drew contests. These results suggest a level of recognition consistent with the dear enemy phenomenon. I also manipulated front leg colour to test the hypothesis that it alone could serve as a cue for individual recognition. I found no support for this hypothesis and suggest that multiple cues operate in individual recognition. Received: 4 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 11 April 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 1999     

用质子微探针研究上海吴淞空气含铅颗粒物来源

为了解空气中铅的来源,用质子微探针测量了上海市吴淞地区空气PM₁₀环境监测样品,用微束质子激发单颗粒X射线能谱“指纹结合模式识别技术研究了该地区铅污染的来源.结果表明,该地区含铅颗粒物主要来源于钢铁工业(48%)、汽车尾气(25%)和土壤尘(7%).     

模糊集重心理论在隧道瓦斯突出评价中的应用

以隧道瓦斯突出评价为研究对象。选取地质构造、煤层厚度、隧道埋深、瓦斯含量、瓦斯压力、瓦斯放散初速度和煤的坚固性系数作为指标,建立隧道瓦斯突出评价标准;用关联函数确定指标权重;结合模糊集重心理论与最短距离识别准则,构建属性识别模型,对隧道瓦斯突出进行评价。评价结果与可拓评价结果一致,从而验证了该方法的实用性。研究表明,基于模糊集重心理论的属性识别模型用于隧道瓦斯突出评价是可行的,为隧道瓦斯突出评价提供了一种新方法。     

上海浦东河渠中藻类群落污染生态的模式识别

为了研究藻类群落与环境变化的关系,采用模式识别方法分析浦东藻类群落数据及它们的生境。R－DPCA程序（含Wisconsin双重标准化处理）将结果投影至二维平面上,取样集合间有足够的生态距离。原始信息损失低于10～26％。整合物种和群落的排序结果：群落变异轴正是含氮化合物降解的方向（NBOD→NH₃→N→NO₃－N）。藻类中窝形席藻、鱼鳞藻和卵形单鞭金藻的优势度变化是环境变异的反映。     

Differential aggressiveness between fire salamander (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salamandra infraimmaculata</Emphasis>) larvae covaries with their genetic similarity

Responding differentially to kin and non-kin is known to be adaptive in many species. One example is the inclusive fitness benefits of reducing aggression toward closer relatives. Little is known, however, about the ability of animals to assess differential degrees of genetic relatedness and to respond accordingly with differential levels of aggression. In the present study, we tested whether aggressiveness between body mass-matched pairs of fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) larvae covaried with the genetic similarity between them. We quantified aggressiveness at three levels of genetic similarity by selecting pairs within and across pools from recently genotyped populations. We also assessed aggression between pairs of siblings. Aggression and associated injuries decreased as genetic similarity increased across the groups. These findings suggest that cannibalistic salamanders can assess their degree of genetic relatedness to conspecifics and vary their behavioral responses depending on the degree of similarity between them along a genetic relatedness continuum.     

Why are larvae of the social parasite wasp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polistes sulcifer</Emphasis> not removed from the host nest?

A challenge for parasites is how to evade the sophisticated detection and rejection abilities of potential hosts. Many studies have shown how insect social parasites overcome host recognition systems and successfully enter host colonies. However, once a social parasite has successfully usurped an alien nest, its brood still face the challenge of avoiding host recognition. How immature stages of parasites fool the hosts has been little studied in social insects, though this has been deeply investigated in birds. We look at how larvae of the paper wasp obligate social parasite Polistes sulcifer fool their hosts. We focus on cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which are keys for adult recognition, and use behavioral recognition assays. Parasite larvae might camouflage themselves either by underproducing CHCs (odorless hypothesis) or by acquiring a chemical profile that matches that of their hosts. GC/MS analyses show that parasite larvae do not have lower levels of CHCs and that their CHCs profile is similar to the host larval profile but shows a reduced colony specificity. Behavioral tests show that the hosts discriminate against alien conspecific larvae from different colonies but are more tolerant towards parasite larvae. Our results demonstrate that parasite larvae have evolved a host larval profile, which overcomes the host colony recognition system probably because of the lower proportion of branched compounds compared to host larvae. In some ways, this is a similar hypothesis to the odorless hypothesis, but it assumes that the parasite larvae are covered by a chemical blend that is not meaningful to the host.     

经验正交函数方法和TRMM数据对长江流域降水模式与极端水文过程的研究

气候变化加剧了极端天气和水文事件的发生,降水是区域干旱与洪水事件最直接驱动因素。以TRMM/PR月累积降水反演遥感数据为基础,利用经验正交函数EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法对长江流域降水时空变化模式进行提取,并对比分析了主要模式振幅强弱与极端水文事件的对应关系。结果表明在流域尺度上EOF方法及TRMM/PR数据可以较好地识别降水主要模式,通过时空尺度变换成功揭示主要降水模式强弱与流域极端水文事件的对应关系。鉴于日益丰富的巨量水文气象时空数据,EOF方法在模式提取、水文模拟、极端事件预估及灾害适应性研究等方面具有应用潜力     

Pattern recognition and classification of sediments according to their metal content using chemometric tools. A case study: the estuary of Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bilbao, Basque Country)

Chemometrics are increasingly used in environmental monitoring studies, but are still far from being accepted as routine tools by field specialists. The multivariate character of usually highly correlated environmental data recommends the use of advanced chemometrics as part of the analytical methodology in order to get information on the basic structure of data. In this work, we have applied a battery of non-supervised (Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) and supervised (k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN), Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies (SIMCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)) multivariate techniques on a specific environmental dataset. The dataset consists on the concentration of 14 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and Zn) in 95 sediments collected at eight different locations of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bilbao, Basque Country) during 12 sampling campaigns conducted every 3 months between 2005 and 2008. The study aims to present a simple methodology of general applicability which may result in a flexible and practical tool to assess chemical pollution in sediments of a given specific site.     

基于IIAHP-Entropy-ssd的采空区遗煤自燃危险性评价模型及应用

为了能够对煤矿采空区遗煤自燃危险性进行准确判定,提出基于IIAHP-Entropy-ssd最优综合赋权模糊评价模型。首先,结合影响采空区遗煤的自燃性及环境影响因素,建立危险性评价指标体系,并确定各评价指标的分级准则;其次,利用区间数代替数值评价打分,并运用可能度互补矩阵进行修正的改进区间数层次分析法（IIAHP）,结合熵权法（Entropy）,根据现场实测数据,得出各评价指标的主、客观权重,并运用离差平方和（ssd）的最大化思想进行最优综合赋权,克服评价过程中主、客观因素对评价结果的影响,运用属性数学理论,建立各评价指标的隶属函数;最后,运用该模型对忻州窑矿8914综放工作面采空区遗煤自燃危险性进行评价,并与现场实际情况进行对比,结果表明:该模型的评价结果与实际情况基本一致,验证了该评价模型的准确性,为采空区遗煤自燃危险性评价提供参考和借鉴思路。     

基于深度学习的复杂作业场景下安全帽识别研究

为有效预防由于个人防护缺失所造成的事故,着力探究复杂作业情况下施工人员安全帽佩戴情况的智能化识别.提出在Faster R-CNN目标检测算法的基础上,针对小目标的安全帽识别问题通过增加锚点提升检测能力,为解决数据集中类别不平衡问题采用Focal loss替代原本的损失函数,为解决安全帽预测区域不匹配问题,引入ROI A...