Is there a role for not‐for‐profit or for‐purpose organizations in supporting governance professionals to engage with climate‐related opportunities and risks?

Climate change in Australia has become a political risk (for political parties) and a physical, transitional, and regulatory risk for businesses. Not‐for‐profits (NFPs) and for‐purpose (FPs) organisations, for example, Climate Alliance Limited, have acted in the absence of national climate risk policy, to support businesses to become better informed to manage their exposure to this risk, and helping them to set their own commitments and pathways to low and net zero carbon businesses. The objective of this article is to demonstrate, through the case study method, how one Australian NFP/FP has influenced the business sector and regulation. Climate Alliance Limited has done this through its interventions of (1) sharing case studies (best practices) on successful transitions to a low carbon business model and linking climate risk to business risk; (2) bringing thought leaders (advocacy) from the Bank of England and UK Prudential Regulator into the Australian finance and business sector; and (3) by offering a program (reward and recognition), showcasing how business leaders have and are adapting to climate risks and capturing business value.     

Diagnosis of sewer pipe defects on image recognition of multi-features and support vector machine in a southern Chinese city

An image-recognition-based diagnosis system of pipe defect types was established. 1043 practical pipe images were gathered by CCTV robot in a southern Chinese city. The overall accuracy of the system is 84% and the highest accuracy is 99.3%. The accuracy shows positive correlation to the number of training samples. Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems are widely used to inspect sewer pipe conditions. During the diagnosis process, the manual diagnosis of defects is time consuming, labor intensive and error prone. To assist inspectors in diagnosing sewer pipe defects on CCTV inspection images, this paper presents an image recognition algorithm that applies features extraction and machine learning approaches. An algorithm of image recognition techniques, including Hu invariant moment, texture features, lateral Fourier transform and Daubechies (DBn) wavelet transform, was used to describe the features of defects, and support vector machines were used to classify sewer pipe defects. According to the inspection results, seven defects were defined; the diagnostic system was applied to a sewer pipe system in a southern city of China, and 28,760 m of sewer pipes were inspected. The results revealed that the classification accuracies of the different defects ranged from 51.6% to 99.3%. The overall accuracy reached 84.1%. The diagnosing accuracy depended on the number of the training samples, and four fitting curves were applied to fit the data. According to this paper, the logarithmic fitting curve presents the highest coefficient of determination of 0.882, and more than 200 images need to be used for training samples to guarantee the accuracy higher than 85%.     

洪泽湖水域的环境演变遥感分析

针对传统水质监测的定点、定剖面采样分析时间及空间的局限性,为对湖泊水质进行全面系统的分析,在前人研究工作的基础上,建立了一种水域水质状况图像识别的主成分监督分类方法,通过对洪泽湖湖区的1991年12月15日和2000年1月7日,两个时相TM遥感图像数据,分别进行主成分变换,并依据不同类型水体的光学特性,分析各主成分图像的构成及其环境意义。研究表明：洪泽湖湖区的水质分布,具有从西向东,从北向南由清洁水（优）向一般水依次递减、逐年下降的特征。其清洁水体主要分布于洪泽湖西部的溧河洼、临淮头、西北部的安河洼和成子湖的北部。从1991--2000年,洪泽湖入湖的工业废水及生活污水量有所减少,湖水受污染程度明显减轻,相对“八五”期间水质污染日益加重的现象,“九五”以后水质逐渐改善。将其分类结果与所收集的洪泽湖历年水质资料对比分析表明：主成分监督分类结果与环境要素吻合较好,且基本反映了其水质环境的变化趋势。     

基于自组织映射与随机森林耦合模型的流域水质空间差异性评估

流域水环境质量空间分布特征分析是推进流域精细化管理的基础.本研究基于流域特征指标与水质的关联性,以子流域为分析单元,利用自组织映射人工神经网络模型（SOM）对苕溪流域水质数据聚类分析为3类后与随机森林模型（RF）进行耦合,对全流域水质进行了空间差异性评估.研究结果显示,上游山地区域水质较好,而平原河网人口集聚区的COD_Mn、NH₃-N及TP浓度较高,山地与平原过渡地带水质则主要受到COD_Mn和TN的影响.采用自然环境、社会经济及土地利用/覆盖指标作为流域特征进行水质分级模式识别,SOM与RF模型耦合模型的准确率稳定在80%左右;在对强相关性特征进行筛选识别后,将蒸发蒸腾量、坡度、人口密度、大于10℃积温、旱地占比、城镇用地占比及景观多样性指数为作为输入特征,准确率可达83%,可以有效地开展全流域水质分级评估.     

基于视线追踪技术的工艺操作人员人为失误识别研究

为了对生产加工过程中工艺操作人员的不安全行为进行有效监控，及时避免因操作失误带来的工艺安全事故，开展基于视线追踪技术的工艺操作人员人为失误识别研究。通过设计眼动实验方案，利用视线追踪技术采集操作者在工艺流程控制过程中各类失误模式的眼动数据,并对采集的数据进行统计，提取失误行为的眼动特征，并建立人为失误智能识别方法，利用距离函数聚类实现现场操作人员失误状态的准确识别。研究结果表明:以被试样本在不同区域的视线停留时间百分比作为特征参数，并运用欧氏距离函数分类法判别人员操作状态，对操作人员的不安全行为能够准确识别。     

长江沿江国家战略发展区功能识别与培育

分析了长江沿江六大国家战略发展区（即长三角地区、皖江城市带、武汉城市圈、鄱阳湖生态经济区、长株潭城市群、成渝经济区）的发展状况。基于极化区理论,提出了国家战略发展区识别的“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合的方法,并结合经济发展水平和实力、经济的外向化程度、产业和服务业区位熵的定量分析,初步识别了各战略发展区的功能,即长三角经济区主要承担参与国际竞争、创新和门户功能,皖江城市带主要承担区域服务带动和创新功能,鄱阳湖经济区主要承担生态保育和区域带动功能,武汉城市圈主要承担中部带动和创新功能,长株潭城市群主要承担区域服务和带动功能,成渝经济区主要承担西部生态保育、西部带动功能     

可用于血清游离铜快速检测的特异性识别元件

铜离子广泛存在于环境和食品中,机体中游离铜离子含量增加可导致神经系统功能紊乱和肝、肾损害等。目前铜离子的检测方法主要有:原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPMS),这些方法虽然检测结果准确、灵敏度高,但仪器昂贵、样品处理复杂且不能区分铜离子的存在形态。因此,探索基于铜离子特异性识别元件构建的荧光或电化学检测方法在游离铜快速特异性响应中的应用受到了广泛青睐,其对应的铜离子特异性识别元件如有机小分子、纳米材料、生物分子等亦得到了不断地丰富和发展。有机小分子设计灵活,纳米材料响应灵敏,生物分子特异性强、生物相容性好,此三者作为特异性识别元件在血清游离铜的检测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Procedural justice in local climate adaptation: political capabilities and transformational change

Climate adaptation politics presents both obstacles and opportunities for correcting inequities that leave some communities especially vulnerable to climate-related environmental harms. By revealing these obstacles and opportunities, theories of procedural justice can help to identify procedural reforms and political strategies that advance the interests of vulnerable populations. An account of procedural justice is proposed that foregrounds the capability for political control over one’s environment, defined as having the political power to influence adaptation decisions. While the variables shaping this capability in the politics of environmental injustice often interact in ways that reproduce environmental inequities, adaptation politics has the potential to produce more transformational outcomes. To illustrate this potential, differences between the politics of environmental injustice and the politics of climate adaptation are drawn on to sketch the basic features of a typology of vulnerable populations’ political capabilities in the politics of climate adaptation, before highlighting the potential points for intervention.     

建筑物火灾危险性的模糊评价

依据建筑物火灾危险性的影响因素,应用模糊识别理论及系统安全方法,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系,并应用集值统计方法对各项指标权重进行了处理,将该理论应用到某购物商场火灾危险性评价中,验证了评价模型的准确性,为建筑物防火设计以及安全管理提供了可行的依据。     

Forecasting Up to Year 2000 on Shanghai's Environmental Quality

The capabilities of third world countries in dealing withenvironmental problems are often limited by available resources and the tremendous costs of environmental monitoring.This paper attempts to introduce a newmethodology that can be used to derive information aboutenvironmental quality in its spatial and temporal dimensions.This methodology, based on an inquiry-feedback network of 8,000families and iteration with controlled-feedback of expertcommunity, has been first tested in Shanghai, China andprocedurally can be divided into two steps: Base-year evaluationand forecasting. Fuzzy pattern recognition is introduced for thesubjective assessment of the citizens' feelings theirperceived environment and a four-round Delphi-Cross Impactanalysis is conducted for forecasting the environmental changesup to 2000. Results show that the base-year environmentalsituations were poor. In the foreseeable future, the conditionsfor housing, social services, public health, greenspace anddrinking water will be substantially improved. Due to the rapidgrowth of manufacturing, the city will continue its deteriorating trend of air and water quality into the next century according to the forecast.