普通高校的音乐教学探讨

音乐教育对每个人的素质培养具有重要作用，但长久以来音乐教育都不被学校、学生所重视，在我国高校的音乐教育才刚刚起步。作者根据自身多年的高校音乐教学经验，认为高校的音乐教育关键是编订独具特色的音乐教材、开启学生的兴趣之门、施行兼收并蓄的教学方法。     

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL HAZARDS IN NORTHERN CANADA: INTEGRATING INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVES WITH GOVERNMENT POLICY

A study of the relationship between natural hazards and climate change in the international context provides the background for a discussion of the expected changes. In the context of this global discussion, this paper reviews the current perspectives of those natural hazards that are likely to be influenced by climate change, using northern Canada as a regional case study. The northern implications of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are examined, including the status of climate change action by the northern territorial governments, the evolving role of indigenous people, and the responsibility for climate change impacts. The difficulties surrounding natural hazards research in remote locations, and the approaches of indigenous people to natural hazards are then presented. The paper concludes with a suggested policy approach for climate change and natural hazards in northern Canada, underscoring the need for more comprehensive adaptive strategies to complement the current tendency to focus on the mitigation of greenhouse gases produced in this region.     

河南省小麦白粉病流行原因和减灾对策

本文阐述了河南省小麦白粉病流行成灾的特点、原因和发展趋势,指出今后数年内小麦白粉病的发生仍将严重,并提出了短期和长期减灾对策建议.     

The superseded female's dilemma: ultimate and proximate factors that influence guarding behaviour of the carpenter bee Xylocopa pubescens

Both solitary and primitively social nests of the facultatively social carpenter bee Xylocopa pubescens can be found throughout most of the breeding season. In social nests there is reproductive division of labour between a dominant forager and a guarding female. Two types of guarding females can be discerned: the young pre-reproductive guards, and older, formerly reproductive guards. The latter type of guard is found when, after a take-over of reproductive dominance either by a nestmate (mostly a daughter) or an intruder, the defeated female stays in the nest instead of leaving to try and found or usurp another nest. She is then manipulated into the role of a guard. The dominant female profits from the presence of the guard since she protects the nest against pollen robbery by conspecifics (Hogendoorn and Velthuis 1993). We have studied why superseded females might prefer to remain as a guard, rather than try their luck somewhere else. The hypotheses investigated pertain to (1) the difficulty for the defeated female of finding a new nest and of restarting reproductive activities due to (a) ecological constraints (nest and pollen shortage) and (b) the effect of age and wear on the defeated female; (2) the effects of guarding in terms of inclusive fitness. We found that superseded females remained as guards significantly more often when a nestmate (not necessarily close kin) took over reproductive dominance than when an intruder did so. Other factors associated with the decision of the defeated female to stay or leave were her age and the number of her own young still present after the supersedure. The probability of finding or constructing a new nest was lower for old than for young females. After finding a nest, old females produced less brood than young foundresses. As a result of these two factors old superseded females gained, in terms of inclusive fitness, by staying as guards, whereas young females profited from leaving the nest. We interpret these results as an indication that guarding behaviour has evolved due to kin selection. However, kin discrimination apparently did not occur. Therefore we conclude that in this species kin selection is not, in the proximate frame of reference, based on kin recognition and preference for helping kin. Correspondence to: K. Hogendoorn     

铁路安全管理激励与约束机制探讨

从经济学和管理科学的角度 ,笔者结合铁路运输系统的特殊性 ,对铁路企业安全管理激励与约束机制问题进行分析和探讨 ;指出了在铁路安全管理中要坚持长期激励为主 ,短期激励为辅的原则 ;合理调整物质激励与非物质激励的关系 ,使两者有效相容 ,使职工和企业成为利益的共同体 ;并在铁路系统内部要注重安全文化建设 ,形成铁路安全文化的氛围     

青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路堤变形特征研究

路堤的稳定是公路、铁路等行车安全的保证。路堤变形通过路基—轨道—车辆大系统的相互作用而影响行车安全。冻胀、融沉是多年冻土地区路堤变形的重要形式。多年冻土区的路基变形问题是至今仍未彻底解决的一大难题。青藏铁路穿越 5 5 0km多年冻土区 ,为研究多年冻土区路堤变形特征 ,笔者对青藏铁路某试验段进行变形监测并对监测数据进行分析。结果表明铁路路堤的修建改变了多年冻土原来的水热平衡 ,天然冻土上限的变化导致路堤产生变形。同时 ,变形特征还受路堤边坡的坡向、降水量和地基土类型等因素的制约。在此基础上 ,提出几点减少多年冻土区铁路路堤变形的一些看法和建议。     

论安全的社会属性

安全不仅是一种物质技术的状态和条件 ,而且也是一种社会现象和过程。安全是社会性的人的生存和发展需要。这种需要渗透在社会结构的各个层面 ,表现为安全的生产力属性、利益关系属性、社会生活属性、文化属性和政治属性。笔者分析了上述 5种安全社会属性的产生、内容、演化及其相互联系 ,提出对安全社会原理的若干看法。研究有关安全的社会现象、过程和规律 ,有利于认识安全工作的社会地位、作用、目标和社会调整机制 ,形成安全技术进步的动力和保障条件 ,对于当前社会实践和学科建设有重要意义。     

用伴随方法对毒气泄漏事件进行危害评估

由于自然、人为等因素造成的有毒气体泄漏事件随时威胁着人们的生命安全。对于这类突发事故进行危害评估 ,在应急救援中 ,可以给决策者提供参考 ,使之采取有效措施 ,最大限度地降低事故危害程度 ,减少事故恶果及引起的恐慌。由于毒气泄漏位置事先无法确定 ,如果用常规方法进行逐点评估 ,将面临着巨大的计算量而难以进行。笔者发展了一种伴随方法 ,对风险函数的表达式进行等价变形 ,通过求解伴随方程 ,可以一次求得任意位置的毒气泄漏的风险值 ,大大降低计算量和工作量。此法在化学工厂和仓库设置 ,煤气网铺设和监测点选取 ,城市应急中心设置等多种安全规划中均有重要价值 ,为快速危害评估 ,降低化学事故危害提供了有力的研究工具和实用方法。     

石灰凝胶阻化剂防灭火技术在高硫矿的应用研究

在分析现有凝胶阻化剂防灭火机理的基础上 ,笔者针对我国高硫煤矿采空区发火特点 ,研制出石灰凝胶阻化剂的配方 ,并对其防灭火机理进行了详细探讨 ,确定了喷洒该种阻化剂的工艺过程及其应注意的问题。根据现场试验的测定数据表明 ,石灰凝胶阻化剂对高硫煤矿的防灭火效果好     

人因评价的定量化研究

人因评价是安全评价中的重要组成部分，在结合层次分析法和综合加权法的基础上，建立了人因评价的量化模型。