Investigation of head injuries by reconstructions of real-world vehicle-versus-adult-pedestrian accidents

A sizeable proportion of adult pedestrians involved in vehicle-versus-pedestrian accidents suffer head injuries, some of which can lead to lifelong disability or even death. To understand head injury mechanisms, in-depth accident analyses and accident reconstructions were conducted. A total of 120 adult pedestrian accident cases from the GIDAS (German in-depth accident study) database were analyzed, from which 10 were selected for reconstruction. Accident reconstructions initially were performed using multi-body system (MBS) pedestrian and car models, so as to calculate head impact conditions, like head impact velocity, head position and head orientation. These impact conditions then were used to set the initial conditions in a simulation of a head striking a windshield, using finite element (FE) head and windshield models. The intracranial pressure and stress distributions of the FE head model were calculated and correlated with injury outcomes. Accident analysis revealed that the windshield and its surrounding frames were the main sources of head injury for adult pedestrians. Reconstruction results indicated that coup/contrecoup pressure, Von Mises and shear stress were important physical parameters to estimate brain injury risks.     

The lag daemon: hysteresis in rebuilding landscapes and implications for biodiversity futures

Many native bird species in production landscapes of south-eastern Australia demonstrably are declining, with loss of native vegetation as the major cause. Our biodiversity management objectives must be to increase the probabilities of persistence of birds that should occur in the landscape. To do so, there needs to be extensive amounts of new plantings. However, one must be conscious that: (1) new plantings in the impoverished soils and increasing aridity of southern Australia will take many decades to mature, and, also, will offer suitable habitats for a sequence of different species over the course of that maturation process; and (2) much existing vegetation is senescent or will be in a few decades' time. Recent landscape rebuilding models do not explicitly consider maturation time-lags. These hystereses in habitat maturation may create 'bottlenecks' at future times (e.g. in 50yr) that might prevent some species from persisting in whole landscapes even though such landscapes may be much more suitable in 100yr than now. There are several critical issues: (1) species differ in habitat needs and even one species may require different kinds of habitats for foraging and for breeding; (2) landscapes must be conceived, and managed, as spatial and temporal mosaics to allow for persistence of the full set of species that should occupy them, meaning that senescing and replanted habitats may need to be juxtaposed; and (3) in certain particularly problematic landscapes, some highly productive agricultural lands may need to be used for providing habitat because maturation can be fast-tracked in fertile, well-watered locations. The problem is a complex one of scheduling and placement, and its optimization presents major theoretical and analytical challenges.     

"城中村"改造与城市土地集约利用研究——以济南市为例

研究"城中村"改造中土地集约利用的潜力及可行性,探索城市土地集约利用的有效途径,采取文献资料法和实例分析法进行研究。研究结果表明,一方面"城中村"土地利用混乱,效率低下,而且各种配套设施极不完善,给城市建设带来诸多问题急需改造;另一方面,"城中村"大量低效利用的土地经过开发整合具有很大的开发潜力,并具有可行性。"城中村"的改造需要政策支持和科学的规划,才能最大限度地发挥土地价值,达到土地集约利用的三效合一。     

热镀锌过程污染综合防治改造工程实践

热镀锌生产是传统的重污染行业,单纯的"三废"治理,不仅存在着治理费用高,且存在着"二次污染"的问题。通过以广州某热镀锌生产污染综合防治改造工程为例,全面分析生产过程中存在的污染源,通过对生产工艺进行改造,提高原料及能源利用率,减少污染物的产生,实现污染的全过程综合防治,在此基础上,总结成功实施的经验,为类似项目的污染防治工作提供参考和借鉴。     

Standardising and mapping open-source information for crisis regions: the case of post-conflict Iraq

Painting an accurate picture of the situation on the ground in countries in crisis is vital for the efficiency of humanitarian aid and reconstruction agencies. This study describes a method for standardising and mapping the plethora of open-source information. The test site for the study is post-conflict Iraq. Important information on aid distribution, reconstruction and security in Iraq can be derived from the reports of humanitarian aid agencies and the media, before being formatted, inserted into a database and mapped. The product is a visual, cartographic structure of otherwise random information, showing which organisations are working in the country, which thematic and geographic areas are being prioritized in the field, and which areas most frequently experience security events. This type of mapping not only highlights the overall working environment within different parts of the country, but it may also serve as a decision-making tool for donors and humanitarian aid agencies planning to deploy personnel.     

北方寒冷地区景观水体水质保障技术及对策研究

我国北方地区冬季漫长而寒冷,夏季短暂而温暖,年平均气温低,气温年较差大,开展北方寒冷地区景观水体研究对完善生态系统保护体系及可持续发展具有重要意义。针对北方寒冷地区景观水体环境特征,以牡丹江市南湖水系为例,开展水体水质及水环境特征研究,进行北方寒冷地区景观水体的生态重建与景观修复技术、水资源管理技术、越冬策略研究,并根据工程实践结果,提出北方景观水体水质保障的对策和建议,对北方地区景观水体保护、流域可持续发展具有借鉴意义。     

湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演研究综述

湖泊水面温度与藻类生长密切相关,通过获取水体表层温度信息来监测湖泊水面温度时空动态变化,对于蓝藻水华预警监控具有重要意义。湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演的理论方法与反演地表、海洋表面温度基本相同。本文在介绍遥感反演地表温度原理的基础上,总结了国内外基于热红外波段反演水体表面温度的单窗算法、劈窗算法、多通道算法等几种常用方法,重点分析了各算法的优缺点和反演的主要难点,并对今后在内陆水体藻华预测顸警等方面的应用趋势进行了展望。     

基于均匀设计的事故再现模型参数敏感性分析

借助参数敏感性分析方法确定那些对事故再现结果有显著影响的参数,进而通过对这些参数进行合理处理则可在花费不大情况下确保再现结果的精度。基于均匀设计并结合回归分析,提出了一种事故再现模型参数敏感性分析方法:该方法首先借助均匀设计寻找到事故再现模型的一阶响应面模型,再借助该响应面模型获得原事故再现模型内参数的敏感性向量。并在此基础上进一步探讨了如何通过该方法获得各输入参数的取值区间及各输入参数在其标称值附近有一定程度扰动时2种情况下参数对计算结果的影响程度。最后给出一数值算例,算例结果表明:笔者方法所得参数敏感性顺序与其他学者研究所得一致。     

环评中不同性质项目工程分析内容的探讨

根据环境影响评价中工程分析篇章的目的及要求,探讨了新建、改扩建、技术改造三种不同建设性质项目的定义,分析了这三类项目工程分析篇章应编写的内容,并重点论述了其中的区别。     

太湖流域污水处理厂升级改造的措施与思考

太湖蓝藻事件的爆发促使了太湖流域污水处理厂大范围的升级改造,升级改造的主要措施有强化生物处理、深度处理等,具体工程措施需要结合水质处理要求、现有处理工艺、经济发展水平等进行比选。升级改造的出水水质需要结合纳污水体的污染现状和环境容量进行合理确定。升级改造过程中需要重视进水水质水量的设计与监控,加强工程投资和运行费用的控制。