Horizontal diffusion by submeso motions in the stable boundary layer

Four networks of wind data are used to construct the first systematic estimates of the horizontal diffusivity from observations of submeso motions on scales often unresolved in numerical models. Currently, the horizontal diffusivity in numerical models is specified mainly for numerical reasons without observational support. The data analysis in this study emphasizes the stable boundary layer although results are briefly presented for the unstable boundary layer. The horizontal diffusivity is estimated from the horizontal gradient and the observed flux. Horizontal gradients of scalars are generally difficult to directly estimate from observations with sufficient accuracy for much of the data. As an alternative, simulated particles with conservative properties are introduced into the observed wind field in order to estimate the horizontal diffusivity for submeso motions. The sensitivity of the horizontal diffusivity to details of the method is examined. The horizontal diffusivity increases with the range of time and space scales that are included in the evaluation. The horizontal diffusivity is much larger with significant topography and may increase with wind speed, depending on the site location. The coarse station spacing or the small domain size is found to be a major limitation to the analysis.     

碾压混凝土层面抗剪强度的细观数值研究

碾压混凝土 (RCC)层面抗剪强度关系到碾压混凝土坝的安全。笔者采用随机骨料模型模拟碾压混凝土的细观结构 ,利用有限元方法数值模拟碾压混凝土试件的细观损伤断裂和抗剪强度 ,将所得数值结果与混凝土重力坝设计规范参考值比较 ,结果较为吻合。同时对直剪试验尺寸效应进行研究 ,并给出提高层面抗剪能力的措施。     

推制大口径弯头设计与制造工艺的研究

主要介绍了90°推制大口径弯头设计及成形的工艺过程、变形特点,分析了推制大口径弯头成形过程中金属的流动规律以及弯头内外弧壁厚与设计强度的关系。     

平原地区局地空气质量模式的对比研究

选取国外有代表性的新一代空气质量模式系统(HPDM、PPSP、AMS)和我国目前广泛采用的模式(称为EIA模式)进行对比研究,研究表明,理论上HPDM总体上比PPSP、AMS和EIA模式更为合理,物理框架上更为完善.     

Longitudinal‐Vertical Hydrodynamic and Turbidity Simulations for Prediction of Dam Reconstruction Effects in Asian Monsoon Area1

Abstract: This research investigates possible impacts of enlarged water body according to dam reconstruction on the hydrodynamics and water quality of the reservoir using a laterally averaged, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and transport model, CE‐QUAL‐W2. The lake was formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply and is currently under consideration of reconstruction so as to expand the volume of reservoir for flood control as well as water supply in downstream areas. To calibrate and validate the model, field‐collected data were compared with model predictions for water level fluctuations and water temperature during the years of 2001 (from January to December) and 2003 (from March to November). The model results showed a good agreement with field measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the model, impacts of dam reconstruction on the thermal hydrodynamics and turbid current were predicted. From the model results, dam reconstruction limited the depth of thermal stratification below 10 meter and formed steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion. The restricted thermal stratification persisted up to the end of September. This result indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. In addition, the restricted thermal stratification caused vertical circulation of water mixing lower than 10 meter and isolated the upper water layer from the lower water layer which increased the volume of hypolimnetic water with low temperature. The vertical circulation near the surface also mitigated propagation of density plume within the depth of 10 m which would remain the hypolimnetic water clean.     

薄隔水层井筒底板突水的突变模型

在薄板理论的基础上,建立了立井井筒底板突水的突变模型。运用突变理论的分析方法,求得了井筒底板隔水层的最小理论安全厚度,这与典型案例实际情况基本相符。论文根据在大涨落存在的前提下突变发生所遵循的Ｍａｘｗ ｅｌｌ规则,对理论值和实际值的偏差作了合理的解释,还提出了解决该偏差的一种近似计算方法。所进行的研究工作,为井筒突水的预测及确定隔水层的安全厚度,提供一种新的理论方法和途径。     

高空偏北风背景下北京地区高污染形成的环境气象机制研究

在北京地区,有一类高污染产生在850 h Pa以上为偏北风的背景下.利用气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和地面PM2.5浓度监测结果分析了环境气象条件在这类污染过程形成中的作用.结果表明,在污染物浓度逐渐升高的过程中,环境大气并不总是处在层结稳定状态,有利于污染物累积的气象条件来自垂直运动和散度在垂直方向上的"分层"结构.从地面到对流层中层,垂直速度呈上升-下沉-上升的分布,而且散度呈辐合-辐散-辐合的结构.近地层的辐合导致周边的污染物向本地汇集,上升运动则将它们送向空中.但是,叠置在其上空的、长时间维持的下沉气流层却阻止了污染物继续向上运动,从而导致近地面层的污染浓度不断升高.垂直运动出现"分层"是由于高空偏北风并没有侵入到边界层内,近地层仍然维持偏南风或小风,冷空气太弱或者没有冷空气活动是高空偏北风不能到达近地层的主要原因.而下沉气流层的形成则与其上空的空气辐合有关,该辐合层源自偏北气流中的风速脉动.因此,环境大气动力作用是高空偏北气流型空气污染过程形成的关键机制.关注对流层中下层温度24 h变化、垂直速度和散度的垂直分布将有助于提高此类高污染过程的诊断分析和预报能力.     

SMBR系统活性污泥性质对膜污染特征的影响

采用浸没式膜生物反应器(Submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR),在曝气量300 L·h-1、膜通量15 L·m-2·h-1、抽吸/间歇时间为8 min/2 min的工况下,在缺氧区采用不同搅拌强度运行,研究了活性污泥特性及其对滤饼层特征的影响.试验结果表明,搅拌强度对系统主要水质指标的去除没有明显的影响.但随着搅拌强度的突然增加,会导致活性污泥上清液胶体态物质升高,胞外聚合物由(28.94±9.61)mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)增加到(52.57±7.98)mg·g-1,膜污染速率增加2.13倍;滤饼层污染引起的跨膜压差(Trans-membrane pressure,TMP)占到总TMP的93.64%以上.     

上层曝气式生物反应器填埋工艺特性的研究

通过实验室模拟填埋柱,将厌氧生物反应器与上层曝气式生物反应器进行对比研究,以探究好氧预处理-厌氧运行方式下生物反应器内固体垃圾、渗滤液性质以及填埋气回收率的变化特征.结果表明,厌氧生物反应器A1受酸抑制影响,实验过程中几乎无甲烷气体产生,垃圾层沉降高度5.4 cm,且主要归结于垃圾自身重力下的压实作用,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度高达70 000 mg·L-1和30000 mg·L-1,尚未出现降低趋势.好氧预处理则有效缓解了填埋柱内酸抑制现象,垃圾降解速度明显加快,产甲烷环境于曝气60 d内建立.至反应器运行结束,垃圾层沉降高度11.5 cm,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度分别降低至14000mg·L-1和8900 mg·L-1,甲烷累积产量61976 mL,回收利用率高达95%以上.然而,上层曝气式生物反应器操作模式相对比较复杂,其反应器运行效果还受到回灌操作和曝气条件等多方面因素的影响和制约.因此,需调节渗滤液回灌操作与曝气条件以实现反应器的高效运行.     

填埋场排水层结构对其渗透性能的影响

垃圾填埋场存在着因渗滤液收集和排水系统渗透性能减弱而失效的问题,威胁着填埋场的安全稳定及其周边地质环境。因此,研究填埋场排水层结构及其渗透性演变规律对垃圾填埋场的正常运营及其对周边环境的影响评价具有重要现实意义。以相似理论为基础,采用现场垃圾渗滤液作为渗流流体,对比分析了2种结构排水层、3个渗流段的排水孔隙度和渗透性的演变规律。研究结果表明:渗滤液在单粒组结构排水层渗流时,第3渗流段渗透性的变化滞后于第2渗流段及第1渗流段;砂砾粒径较渗流深度对排水孔隙度的影响作用更大;砂砾粒径越大,排水层淤堵的发生时间越晚;在排水层中间段设置粒径较大的砂砾层,可以减缓排水层渗透性的降低速率。