SMBR系统活性污泥性质对膜污染特征的影响

采用浸没式膜生物反应器(Submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR),在曝气量300 L·h-1、膜通量15 L·m-2·h-1、抽吸/间歇时间为8 min/2 min的工况下,在缺氧区采用不同搅拌强度运行,研究了活性污泥特性及其对滤饼层特征的影响.试验结果表明,搅拌强度对系统主要水质指标的去除没有明显的影响.但随着搅拌强度的突然增加,会导致活性污泥上清液胶体态物质升高,胞外聚合物由(28.94±9.61)mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)增加到(52.57±7.98)mg·g-1,膜污染速率增加2.13倍;滤饼层污染引起的跨膜压差(Trans-membrane pressure,TMP)占到总TMP的93.64%以上.     

边界层低空急流导致北京PM2.5迅速下降及其形成机制的个例分析

2015年3月17日18:00~23:00北京地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度快速下降,在此期间并未出现与冷空气活动相伴的强偏北风.本研究分析了导致空气质量迅速改善的原因,结果表明边界层急流起着关键的作用.随着边界层内偏南风速增大,大气的通风量增大,污染物浓度降低.急流发展也加大了边界层内水平风的垂直切变,从而导致湍流增强和混合层增厚.此外,3月17日20:00在混合层顶附近出现气旋性地转涡度,Ekman抽吸的方向为垂直向上,于是底层的污染物就被带到高空并随强劲的西南风输送到下游.边界层急流的发展与惯性振荡和大气的斜压性有关.     

黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤有机碳矿化特征初探

土壤剖面100 cm以下的深层土壤有机碳储量在土壤碳储量中占有很大比例,研究深层土壤有机碳矿化特征以揭示其稳定性,可为深层土壤碳汇认证提供依据.本文以浅层土壤(0～100 cm)为对照,模拟深层土壤温度和水分条件(温度15℃、土壤含水量8%),研究了黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤(100～400 cm)有机碳矿化特征.结果表明:①土壤有机碳总矿化量随着土壤深度增加呈下降趋势,亚深层(100～200 cm)、深层(200～400 cm)有机碳总矿化量分别占浅层(0～100 cm)土壤总矿化量的88.1%和67.8%;②亚深层、深层与浅层土壤有机碳矿化过程相似,分为3个阶段.快速分解阶段:亚深层、深层(0～10 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(0～17 d)的50%;缓慢分解阶段:亚深层、深层(11～45 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(18～45 d)的150%;相对稳定阶段:3个层次(46～62 d)矿化量占总矿化量的比值无明显差异.③浅层、亚深层、深层土壤有机碳矿化率差异不显著(P>0.05),有机碳稳定性基本一致.研究结果反映了深层土壤有机碳也参与土壤碳循环,在评估黄土丘陵区土壤固碳效应时应充分考虑深层土壤有机碳的变化.     

广州旱季双高污染及消光系数垂直分布特征

利用2017年12月6日～2018年1月3日地面常规气象资料、空气质量6参数、光化辐射资料、气溶胶吸收和散射系数、单次散射反照率、激光雷达反演的气溶胶消光系数与退偏比数据,分析广州地区气象参数变化对污染物浓度的影响和气溶胶对光化辐射的衰减,研究双高(高气溶胶与高O3)污染的形成机理,并从垂直角度探究了双高日边界层内消光...     

Experimental investigation of fast flame propagation in stratified hydrogen–air mixtures in semi-confined flat layers

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on fast flame propagation and the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) and following detonation propagation in a semi-confined flat layer filled with stratified hydrogen–air mixtures. The experiments were performed in a transparent, rectangular channel open from below. The combustion channel has a width of 0.3 m and a length of 2.5 m. The effective layer thickness in the channel was varied by using different linear hydrogen concentration gradients. The method to create quasi-linear hydrogen concentration gradients that differ in the range and slope is also presented. The ignited mixtures were accelerated quickly to sonic flame speed in the first obstructed part of the channel. The interaction of the fast flame propagation with different obstacle set-ups was studied in the second part of the channel. The experimental results show an initiation of DDT by one additional metal grid in the obstructed semi-confined flat layer. Detonation propagation and failed detonation propagation were observed in obstructed and unobstructed parts of the channel.     

基于Pc-Crash的车辆侧滑事故再现方法

为准确再现车辆侧滑事故,基于Pc-Crash软件,提出一种分步再现事故的方法。该方法首先仿真事故车辆侧滑运动,获得侧滑车辆碰撞前瞬间运动状态参数;然后定义新仿真以再现侧滑车辆与事故其他参与者的碰撞;重复此2步骤,以确保仿真中痕迹与事故中痕迹最相符合。最后就一例车辆侧滑后与过往车辆发生碰撞的事故,演示该分步再现方法各步骤的实现途径。结果显示,利用Pc-Crash软件分步再现车辆侧滑事故,能较为容易地控制再现过程,保证仿真中痕迹与现实情况的一致性。     

The Great East Japan Earthquake,tsunami, and nuclear meltdown: towards the (re)construction of a safe,sustainable, and compassionate society in Japan's shrinking regions

Japan's rural regions have been shrinking for the entire post-war period, and successive efforts to revitalise rural society have failed. This article examines whether the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, present the Japanese state and society with a watershed opportunity to rethink regional revitalisation and national energy procurement strategies. The article begins by summarising the events of March and April 2011, examines possible approaches to the reconstruction of communities in the Tōhoku region, and critiques problems of governance in post-war Japan that the disaster reveals. It concludes by pulling together the information and analysis presented into a discussion of the prospects for achieving the three-point vision for a safe, sustainable, and compassionate society that Prime Minister Naoto Kan set the Reconstruction Design Council.     

Fluid Mechanics of Serpentine Flow Fields on a Porous Media

Laminar flows are investigated in single and double parallel serpentine channels mounted on a porous media and it is found that significant convective transport occurs in porous media for practical fuel cell conditions. This transport increases with increasing flow Reynolds number, with decreasing land width, and most significantly with increasing channel length.

Increasing the number of parallel channels significantly decreases the pressure drop across the fuel cell, but also significantly decreases the magnitude of convective transport in the porous media. Increased parasitic loads must be put in the context of the change in electrochemical performance.

This paper presents both data and a methodology for beginning to think about flow field design from a hydrodynamic perspective.     

Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

水位调控法恢复富营养化水体沉水植物技术研究——以无锡五里湖为例

利用降低水位后引种水生植物(尤其是沉水植物),然后根据水生植物的成活率与长势,逐步提高水位的水位调控方法,成功地在无锡市五里湖的退渔还湖区域大大地提高了水生植物覆盖度,水生植物的多样性也明显提高。该方法具有操作简单、见效快、成本低廉的特点,值得在类似富营养化水体的生态环境治理中推广应用。