环境指标研究进展与分析

对于在可持续发展框架下的环境指标的研究 ,特别是对于PSR概念模型、联结宏观经济与环境的指标、有关自然资源消耗的指标、与空间特征相关的环境指标以及环境指标的整合 5个方面 ,进行了综述与分析 ,同时提出了笔者的观点。      

碳排放交易体系的政策灵活性:国际经验及启示

在《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》的背景下,越来越多的国家开始关注全球气候变暖的问题。考虑到碳排放交易体系比碳税更具有政治可行性,不少国家或地区开始实施碳排放交易体系,以最低的减排成本来达到温室气体减排目标。然而,采用碳排放交易体系,其排放总量是固定的,而减排成本是不确定的,可能会出现由于政策或外部冲击而产生的配额价格异常波动的现象。因此,为确保碳排放交易体系的成本有效性,政策灵活性十分重要。在理想情况下,碳排放市场具有完全的时间灵活性(包括长期的履约期、自由的配额储存与预借)和空间灵活性(即建立全球碳市场),这将对增强市场流动性、降低减排成本、缓解价格波动起到重要的作用。然而,由于政策设计需要考虑更多因素,实际上理想状态很难达到。本文将对国外碳排放交易体系的政策灵活性设计进行较为系统的分析和比较,尤其关注履约期的长短、配额的跨期使用、配额的抵消、区域碳市场连接等方面的具体政策设计,这对我国在7个省市进行碳排放交易试点以及今后建立全国性的碳排放交易体系有较强的借鉴意义。     

浅谈如何做好建设项目环境影响评价与规划环境影响评价的联动

围绕建设项目环境影响评价和规划环境影响评价的特点,通过在评价思路、评价内容、评价方法等方面的比较,分析其差异,从而找到两者在评价时间、评价内容等方面的联动途径,以提高环境影响评价工作的效果和效率。     

Economic and social effects analysis of mineral development in China and policy implications

Mineral development has contributed greatly to China's economic and social development. Many challenges remain, however, including environmental pollution and resource waste in practice, as well as a dearth of systematic theoretical research. The goal of this study is to analyze the economic and social effects of various mineral developments in China from diversified perspectives, so as to provide the basis for the formulation of China's mineral development policy. The input–output effects, industrial linkage effects and income distribution effects of different mining industries are quantitatively analyzed by adopting basic hypotheses of input–output economics, industrial linkage model and income distribution antitheses based on the latest available official data from China Statistical Yearbook from 2004 to 2010 and the 2007 Input–Output Table of China. The empirical results obtained in this study indicate that all mineral development industries, especially coal mining and washing, and petroleum and natural gas extraction industries, have given a strong impetus to the increase of China's fixed asset investment and GDP. Moreover, they have provided a large number of jobs, thereby alleviating ongoing employment pressure, and they have also played a positive role in promoting China's technology investment. The analysis of industrial linkages demonstrates that mining industries are basic to the national economy and produce a significant impetus to its downstream industries, but create weak pull effects in terms of national economic development. From the perspective of income distribution, mining industries play an important role in increasing China's fiscal revenue and per capital income. Hence, China's mineral development policy should (1) encourage additional investment in technology for exploration and development to insure sufficient supply and expand the input effects; (2) attract additional talent to work in remote regions; (3) optimize the industrial structure and promote the industrial transformation in resource regions; (4) adjust the interest distribution between the central and local governments to enable the local regions to become more self-sufficient; and (5) enhance the legal environment so that companies can more readily undertake their social responsibilities voluntarily.     

生态环境约束下的干旱区城乡用水联动模式——以河西走廊张掖市为例

在脆弱的生态环境和短缺的水资源条件约束下,促进水资源农转非是适应西北干旱区城镇化加速发展的迫切需要。论文以黑河流域张掖市为例,针对张掖市城镇化和工业化水平低、第二三产业用水比重低、用水经济效益低、社会经济用水总量受限等问题,设计了城乡用水联动的总体思路,并提出了生态环境约束下干旱区城乡用水联动的5种主要模式,即:退耕稳粮给水模式、农业科技进步供水模式、农业产业化促水流转模式、城市中水农用模式、水资源农转非补偿模式。通过5种模式的联合运用,旨在为张掖市及西北干旱区创新水资源管理并促进城乡协调快速发展提供参考。