新型无机复合混凝剂的制备及脱色效果研究

了以铝厂赤泥为原料制备无机复合凝凝剂的工艺,以制备过程中酸溶尼所用的盐酸浓度、酸溶时间和聚合ＰＨ等进行了优化。直接耐酸大红溶液和分散黄溶液的脱色以试验结果表明,此种混凝剂的脱色效果优于聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铁。     

微胶囊化红磷增效氢氧化镁阻燃聚乙烯的燃烧特性

探讨了微胶囊化红磷（MRP）在氢氧化镁（MH）阻燃低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）中的阻燃增效作用,用氧指数和锥型量热计研究了MRP/MH的不同配比对其氧指数、热释放速率、发烟量等燃烧性能参数的影响。试验结果表明在LDPE/MH体系中添加适量的MRP可以有效地提高材料的氧指数,进一步降低材料的热释放速率,延长材料的着火时间,但是材料的发烟量有所增加。从热失重实验结果可以看出,在LDPE/MH体系中添加MRP不仅大大提高材料的初始分解温度,而且具有较好的成炭作用。     

长期不同施肥措施对红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的影响

将红壤丘陵地区的荒地开垦为水田不仅可以防治土壤侵蚀,而且能增加土壤肥力,提高农田生产力.本文研究了红壤荒地垦殖为稻田,长期定位施肥15年后不同施肥措施下水稻土的有机碳和养分含量特征.结果表明:不同施肥措施包括不施肥条件下,15年水稻垦殖都提高了土壤肥力.不同施肥措施水稻土的pH提高了0.9～1.3个单位.耕层土壤有机碳含龟达到8.19～1O.13 g·kg-1,全氮含量达到0.89～1.20 g·kg-1,有机碳与全氮含最都有明显提高,且有机碳和全氮含量之间相关性极显著.水稻土耕层全磷含量在0.25～0360 g·kg-1之间,有效磷含量在2.2～20.9 mg·kg-1之间,化学磷肥的培肥效果好于有机肥(猪粪),有机无机磷肥配施能显著提高土壤全磷和有效磷库.土壤全钾还未有明显变化,土壤速效钾含量在40.4～142.5 mg·kg-1之间,不同施肥措施除氮钾肥处理外都造成了土壤速效钾含量下降,秸秆还田到目前为止对于土壤速效钾含量还没有明显作用.     

新型负载型光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性研究

以硝酸钙和磷酸为原料,采用均匀沉淀法制备了羟基磷灰石(HAP);以HAP为载体,采用浸渍-提拉法制得负载型光催化剂TiO2／HAP,并用其对酸性媒介红B进行光催化氧化实验;探讨了HAP煅烧温度和TiO2负载量对TiO2／HAP光催化活性的影响,并利用XRD、FT—IR和TEM对载体及TiO2／HAP催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,煅烧温度、TiO2负载量对HAP吸附性能及催化活性有较大的影响;TiO2／HAP的催化活性明显优于TiO2／玻片的催化活性。     

非灭菌环境投加染料时间对白腐真菌降解活性染料的影响

应用氮限制液体培养基(C/N=56／8．7)研究了非灭菌环境投加染料时间对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium降解活性艳红K-2BP染料的影响．试验结果表明,纯培养2d和3d后,在非灭菌环境投加活性艳红K-2BP染料的体系脱色率与在灭菌环境投加该染料的体系基本相当,其5d脱色率在90％以上;而纯培养ld时在非灭菌环境投加染料体系的脱色率却只有8l％．引起纯培养ld体系脱色率降低的主要原因是活性艳红K-2BP对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的生长有抑制作用和反应体系感染了酵母菌．但是,如果纯培养延长至2d以后,由于白腐真菌菌丝体已在体系内占优势,尽管在非灭菌环境下还有酵母菌侵入,但它不会占优势,从而也就不会影响白腐真菌对染料的降解作用．因此,在氮限制液体培养基中,只要白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium在反应体系占优势,就可以适当缩短纯培养时间,提前在非灭菌环境投加染料,使白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的培养和对活性染料的脱色同步进行．     

阻抑动力学光度法测定痕量邻二硝基苯

研究发现,在盐酸介质中,痕量邻二硝基苯能灵敏地阻抑溴酸钾氧化甲基红褪色的反应。研究了该阻抑褪色反应的最佳条件,建立了一种测定痕量邻二硝基苯的新方法。该方法线性范围为0.0～0.16μg,检测限为1.15×10-10gmL。用于环境水样中邻二硝基苯的测定,结果满意。     

Googling Trends in Conservation Biology

Web‐crawling approaches, that is, automated programs data mining the internet to obtain information about a particular process, have recently been proposed for monitoring early signs of ecosystem degradation or for establishing crop calendars. However, lack of a clear conceptual and methodological framework has prevented the development of such approaches within the field of conservation biology. Our objective was to illustrate how Google Trends, a freely accessible web‐crawling engine, can be used to track changes in timing of biological processes, spatial distribution of invasive species, and level of public awareness about key conservation issues. Google Trends returns the number of internet searches that were made for a keyword in a given region of the world over a defined period. Using data retrieved online for 13 countries, we exemplify how Google Trends can be used to study the timing of biological processes, such as the seasonal recurrence of pollen release or mosquito outbreaks across a latitudinal gradient. We mapped the spatial extent of results from Google Trends for 5 invasive species in the United States and found geographic patterns in invasions that are consistent with their coarse‐grained distribution at state levels. From 2004 through 2012, Google Trends showed that the level of public interest and awareness about conservation issues related to ecosystem services, biodiversity, and climate change increased, decreased, and followed both trends, respectively. Finally, to further the development of research approaches at the interface of conservation biology, collective knowledge, and environmental management, we developed an algorithm that allows the rapid retrieval of Google Trends data.     

Resolving whether botanic gardens are on the road to conservation or a pathway for plant invasions

A global conservation goal is to understand the pathways through which invasive species are introduced into new regions. Botanic gardens are a pathway for the introduction of invasive non‐native plants, but a quantitative assessment of the risks they pose has not been performed. I analyzed data on the living collections of over 3000 botanic gardens worldwide to quantify the temporal trend in the representation of non‐native species; the relative composition of threatened, ornamental, or invasive non‐native plant species; and the frequency with which botanic gardens implement procedures to address invasive species. While almost all of the world's worst invasive non‐native plants occurred in one or more living collections (99%), less than one‐quarter of red‐listed threatened species were cultivated (23%). Even when cultivated, individual threatened species occurred in few living collections (7.3), while non‐native species were on average grown in 6 times as many botanic gardens (44.3). As a result, a botanic garden could, on average, cultivate four times as many invasive non‐native species (20) as red‐listed threatened species (5). Although the risk posed by a single living collection is small, the probability of invasion increases with the number of botanic gardens within a region. Thus, while both the size of living collections and the proportion of non‐native species cultivated have declined during the 20th century, this reduction in risk is offset by the 10‐fold increase in the number of botanic gardens established worldwide. Unfortunately, botanic gardens rarely implement regional codes of conduct to prevent plant invasions, few have an invasive species policy, and there is limited monitoring of garden escapes. This lack of preparedness is of particular concern given the rapid increase in living collections worldwide since 1950, particularly in South America and Asia, and highlights past patterns of introduction will be a poor guide to determining future invasion risks.     

Integrated models to support multiobjective ecological restoration decisions

Many objectives motivate ecological restoration, including improving vegetation condition, increasing the range and abundance of threatened species, and improving species richness and diversity. Although models have been used to examine the outcomes of ecological restoration, few researchers have attempted to develop models to account for multiple, potentially competing objectives. We developed a combined state‐and‐transition, species‐distribution model to predict the effects of restoration actions on vegetation condition and extent, bird diversity, and the distribution of several bird species in southeastern Australian woodlands. The actions reflected several management objectives. We then validated the models against an independent data set and investigated how the best management decision might change when objectives were valued differently. We also used model results to identify effective restoration options for vegetation and bird species under a constrained budget. In the examples we evaluated, no one action (improving vegetation condition and extent, increasing bird diversity, or increasing the probability of occurrence for threatened species) provided the best outcome across all objectives. In agricultural lands, the optimal management actions for promoting the occurrence of the Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus), an iconic threatened species, resulted in little improvement in the extent of the vegetation and a high probability of decreased vegetation condition. This result highlights that the best management action in any situation depends on how much the different objectives are valued. In our example scenario, no management or weed control were most likely to be the best management options to satisfy multiple restoration objectives. Our approach to exploring trade‐offs in management outcomes through integrated modeling and structured decision‐support approaches has wide application for situations in which trade‐offs exist between competing conservation objectives.     

赤泥和污泥对土壤锌化学形态转化的影响

通过土壤室内培养实验,研究了赤泥和污泥对土壤中Zn化学形态转化的影响。研究表明:单独使用赤泥可以有效降低土壤中植物可利用态Zn含量,促进可交换态(EXC)、碳酸盐结合态(CA)、有机结合态(OM)转化为残渣态(RES),而污泥对Zn的固稳效果是暂时的。赤泥和污泥的一起使用较单独使用赤泥或污泥固稳Zn的效果好,既能促进有效态重金属Zn转化为不可利用态Zn,又能增加土壤肥力。