基于烧结成型的红壤除磷填料开发

为了开发除磷填料，以红壤为基本材料，并以烧结温度、粉煤灰添加量、外加剂A用量和外加剂B用量作为4个因素设计正交实验，制造了不同配方的红壤烧结填料，进行等温吸附实验并利用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸磷量进行比较。结果表明，通过烧结可使粉末状红壤成型，同时提高了其除磷能力；对填料理论吸磷量的影响因素主次顺序为外加剂B用量、外加剂A用量、粉煤灰用量及烧结温度；通过比较理论吸附量，同时考虑到成本，可以确定正交实验结果中较优填料配方组成为（重量比）：61％红壤，30％粉煤灰，0％外加剂A，9％外加剂B，烧结温度1150℃，其最大理论的磷吸附量2．274mg／cm^2，单位除磷原料成本约0．047元／g．     

Human Influence on the Spatial Structure of Threatened Pacific Salmon Metapopulations

Abstract: To remain viable, populations must be resilient to both natural and human‐caused environmental changes. We evaluated anthropogenic effects on spatial connections among populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) (designated as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act) in the lower Columbia and Willamette rivers. For several anthropogenic‐effects scenarios, we used graph theory to characterize the spatial relation among populations. We plotted variance in population size against connectivity among populations. In our scenarios, reduced habitat quality decreased the size of populations and hydropower dams on rivers led to the extirpation of several populations, both of which decreased connectivity. Operation of fish hatcheries increased connectivity among populations and led to patchy or panmictic populations. On the basis of our results, we believe recolonization of the upper Cowlitz River by fall and spring Chinook and winter steelhead would best restore metapopulation structure to near‐historical conditions. Extant populations that would best conserve connectivity would be those inhabiting the Molalla (spring Chinook), lower Cowlitz, or Clackamas (fall Chinook) rivers and the south Santiam (winter steelhead) and north fork Lewis rivers (summer steelhead). Populations in these rivers were putative sources; however, they were not always the most abundant or centrally located populations. This result would not have been obvious if we had not considered relations among populations in a metapopulation context. Our results suggest that dispersal rate strongly controls interactions among the populations that comprise salmon metapopulations. Thus, monitoring efforts could lead to understanding of the true rates at which wild and hatchery fish disperse. Our application of graph theory allowed us to visualize how metapopulation structure might respond to human activity. The method could be easily extended to evaluations of anthropogenic effects on other stream‐dwelling populations and communities and could help prioritize among competing conservation measures.     

Variability in Population Abundance and the Classification of Extinction Risk

Abstract: Classifying species according to their risk of extinction is a common practice and underpins much conservation activity. The reliability of such classifications rests on the accuracy of threat categorizations, but very little is known about the magnitude and types of errors that might be expected. The process of risk classification involves combining information from many sources, and understanding the quality of each source is critical to evaluating the overall status of the species. One common criterion used to classify extinction risk is a decline in abundance. Because abundance is a direct measure of conservation status, counts of individuals are generally the preferred method of evaluating whether populations are declining. Using the thresholds from criterion A of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (critically endangered, decline in abundance of >80% over 10 years or 3 generations; endangered, decline in abundance of 50–80%; vulnerable, decline in abundance of 30–50%; least concern or near threatened, decline in abundance of 0–30%), we assessed 3 methods used to detect declines solely from estimates of abundance: use of just 2 estimates of abundance; use of linear regression on a time series of abundance; and use of state‐space models on a time series of abundance. We generated simulation data from empirical estimates of the typical variability in abundance and assessed the 3 methods for classification errors. The estimates of the proportion of falsely detected declines for linear regression and the state‐space models were low (maximum 3–14%), but 33–75% of small declines (30–50% over 15 years) were not detected. Ignoring uncertainty in estimates of abundance (with just 2 estimates of abundance) allowed more power to detect small declines (95%), but there was a high percentage (50%) of false detections. For all 3 methods, the proportion of declines estimated to be >80% was higher than the true proportion. Use of abundance data to detect species at risk of extinction may either fail to detect initial declines in abundance or have a high error rate.     

催化铁内电解反应床对水中酸性红B的脱色研究

在铁内电解法的基础上发展出的铁镀铜滤料构成的催化铁内电解反应床,并以酸性红B为目标染料,研究了催化铁内电解反应床的脱色性能。结果表明,在不同初始pH条件下,催化铁内电解反应床对水中酸性红B的脱色效果均优于单一铁内电解反应床。在水力停留时间为2 h,进水pH值为7.2,汽水比为1∶30的条件下,催化铁内电解反应床对100 mg/L酸性红B的平均脱色率为88.5％,高于单一铁内电解反应床约9％。另外,适当增加曝气可以增加铁内电解反应床的脱色效果。     

Fe0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳红X-3B的试验研究

采用间歇式摇床试验,研究了葡萄糖共基质条件下Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中Fe0投加量、pH值、染料初始浓度对活性艳红X-3B模拟废水脱色率的影响,比较了Fe0-厌氧微生物、纯厌氧微生物及纯Fe03种体系中废水的脱色效果.结果表明:Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中初始浓度(50～500 mg/L)对活性艳红X-3B的脱色率影响不大;而Fe0投加量、pH值存在一个最佳范围;当Fe0投加量为260 mg/L,pH值为6.0,污泥浓度为0.35 g VSS/L,停留时间约为30 h时,体系中活性艳红X-3B的脱色率可达90%左右,比相同试验条件下纯Fe0、纯厌氧微生物体系达到此脱色率所需时间分别缩短了约1/2、7/10.在Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中,由紫外可见分光光度分析可推测活性艳红X-3B的脱色机理主要是其偶氮键发生断裂,生成苯胺和萘类物质,而且苯胺和萘类物质能得到进一步降解.     

广东省不同母质赤红壤磷的吸附与解吸

研究了广东省4种不同母质赤红壤磷的吸附与解吸特征,结果表明,4种不同母质赤红壤等温吸附方程（Langmuir方程,Freundilch方程和Temkin方程）的拟合结果都达到了极显著的水平。土训吸附磷量由大到小的顺序为：玄武岩＞页岩＞花岗岩＞砂页岩。赤红壤对磷的解吸顺序为：玄武岩＜页岩＜花岗岩＜砂页岩,说明粘粒较少的母质土壤对磷的吸附力也小,因此,更容量解吸。提高土壤有机质的含量,可以改善土训的供磷性能。     

光电催化氧化法脱色处理刚果红染料废水

采用阴极还原法制备了泡沫镍负载纳米ZnO（ZnO/Ni）电极,采用SEM和XRD技术对ZnO/Ni电极进行了表征。以高压汞灯为光源,ZnO/Ni电极为阳极,铂电极为阴极,对模拟刚果红染料废水进行了光电催化脱色处理。考察了催化工艺、电解质种类及浓度、初始废水pH和反应温度等因素对刚果红降解率的影响。表征结果显示, 制备的纳米ZnO呈六方晶系结构,平均粒径为23.6 nm。实验结果表明,当外加电流为1.0 mA时,在初始刚果红质量浓度为30 mg/L、电解质Na₂SO₄浓度为0.050 mol/L、初始废水pH为5、反应温度为50 ℃的条件下,光电催化反应60 min后,刚果红降解率为86.36%,COD和色度的去除率分别达到70.56%和92.86%。     

酸性红R在UV-蒙脱土KSF-H_2O_2体系中光降解行为研究

以紫外杀菌灯(波长为254nm)为光源,研究了酸性红R在由蒙脱土KSF和H2O2组成的类Fenton体系中的光降解行为,研究了反应体系pH、H2O2浓度对偶氮染料酸性红R光催化降解的影响,分析了酸性红R的光降解动力学规律。结果表明:对于100mg/L的酸性红R,在pH为3.0、66mg/L的H2O2和质量浓度为1g/L的蒙脱土条件下,在UV/类Fenton体系可以获得较高的反应速率,经50min的光照,酸性红R的光降解率为87.2%;而在类Fenton体系中的光降解率只有56%左右,可见UV对类Fenton体系有明显的协同作用;酸性红R的光降解动力学规律符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程,反应速率常数为1.82mg/(L·min)。     

电吸附法去除水中刚果红的研究

以一种典型的联苯胺类直接偶氮染料刚果红为模型物,利用自制活性炭电极,研究各种因素(扫描电压、溶液初始浓度、电解质浓度、pH、电极活性炭用量等)对电吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在-1.0～1.0V的扫描电压下,刚果红没有氧化还原反应发生,电吸附是一稳定而又可逆的过程;扫描电压负极化使刚果红的吸附率降低,而正极化能明显提高吸附率,在0.9V扫描电压下的吸附率比开路(扫描电压为零)时提高了18.6百分点;刚果红溶液的初始浓度越高,吸附平衡时的吸附容量越高,但吸附率反而降低,刚果红溶液的初始质量浓度为40 mg/l时的吸附容量是10 mg/L时的4.87倍,而吸附率降低了21.4％;随着电解质Na2SO4的加入,加快了刚果红在溶液中的运动速率,但刚果红的最终去除率有所降低,并且在一定范围内Na2SO4加入的越多,刚果红的最终吸附效果越差;pH为7(未调节)时,活性炭电极对刚果红的吸附率最高,pH为2、11时,吸附率均有所降低;随着电极活性炭用量的增加,刚果红的吸附容量逐渐降低,吸附率则逐渐提高,达到吸附平衡所需时间相应也延长.     

活性焦和活性炭负载纳米铁处理TNT红水中的二硝基甲苯磺酸钠

以活性焦和活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法制备了负载纳米铁,比较了两种负载纳米铁对TNT红水中难降解物质二硝基甲苯磺酸钠(包括2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na和2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na)的去除能力。实验结果表明,作为负载材料活性焦的相对有效比表面积与孔体积要优于活性炭,而且有利于更好地发挥出负载纳米铁的优势。单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的能力明显高于活性炭负载纳米铁,单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的能力在较小投加量条件下高于活性炭负载纳米铁,但均随投加量的增加而下降;而对于活性炭负载纳米铁,其单位面积去除能力基本不受投加量的影响,而且对二硝基甲苯磺酸钠的去除率高于活性焦负载纳米铁。耦合混凝沉淀的总去除效果表明,单位面活性焦负载纳米铁对2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的去除能力高于活性炭负载纳米铁,而对2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的去除能力则低于活性炭负载纳米铁。