表面活性剂修饰氧化铋形貌及其超声降解性能研究

本实验分别用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)以及两种表面活性剂耦合进行修饰氧化铋形貌,并对修饰后的样品进行XRD、EDS、XPS、SEM等表征分析;同时探讨了表面活性剂修饰后的氧化铋在超声作用下对直接大红的最佳投加量和降解性能.结果表明:催化剂的最佳投加量为75 mg,最佳降解性能的样品为阴阳离子表面活性剂耦合修饰的氧化铋;当催化剂投加量为75 mg、初始浓度为10 mg·L-1、超声频率为45 k Hz、功率为100 W时,表面活性剂SDBS与CTAB在比例为1∶1耦合时修饰的氧化铋在20 min内对直接大红的总去除率达到99.4%,比空白实验提高16倍多.     

基于新型陶粒催化剂的H_2O_2/O_3多相催化氧化体系降解刚果红的研究

用自制陶粒催化剂与臭氧(O_3)、双氧水(H_2O_2)构建多相催化氧化体系降解水中的刚果红。采用电镜扫描、能谱分析与红外光谱等表征了陶粒催化剂,考察了反应时间、O_3浓度、H_2O_2投加量等因素下多相催化氧化体系对刚果红色度和COD去除率。结果表明:自制的陶粒催化剂表面较为粗糙,比表面积较大,反应后的陶粒催化剂表面较为平滑,比表面积较反应前减少;自制陶粒催化剂对H_2O_2催化能力差,但对O_3、H_2O_2/O_3具有较好的催化效果。当O_3浓度在1.2~3.8 mg/L时,陶粒/H_2O_2/O_3体系较O_3、H_2O_2/O_3对刚果红(100 mg/L)的脱色率分别平均提高了11.72%、15.32%,COD去除率分别提高了16.37%、24.29%,将陶粒引入O_3、H_2O_2/O_3体系中可减少O_3和H_2O_2的用量,提高体系的氧化性能,降低运行成本。     

饮用水水源保护区毗邻项目的环境管理研究

饮用水水源保护区是一种重要的生态红线类型,二级管控区内不得建设排放污染物的项目.毗邻生态红线的项目需得到重视,并进行严格的环境管理.以江苏句容备用水源地茅山水库旁某高端养老中心项目为例,研究其施工期、运营期对茅山水库饮用水水源保护区的污染影响,并针对性地提出若干环境保护建议与措施,为饮用水水源保护区毗邻项目施工、运营的环境管理提供参考,以保障饮用水安全.     

无机-有机混合改良剂对酸性重金属复合污染土壤的修复效应

本研究首先通过土壤培养实验,研究了在"石灰+沸石"的基础上,配施不同无机磷、不同有机物对酸性重金属复合污染土壤的改良效果,从中筛选4个最佳改良剂配方,并设置两种改良剂浓度梯度,以空心菜为供试植物进行盆栽实验.土壤培养实验显示,在施加"石灰+沸石"的基础上,配施有机肥或(和)无机磷能够进一步提高土壤pH,降低土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的有效态含量;蘑菇渣和猪粪对土壤中4种重金属的固化效果优于鸡粪,钙镁磷肥的效果优于羟基磷灰石和磷矿粉.盆栽实验发现,8种处理均显著增加了土壤pH和降低了Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的有效态含量,其中,处理H1、H2、H4(即在4 g·kg~(-1)沸石+2 g·kg~(-1)石灰石+3 g·kg~(-1)钙镁磷肥(磷矿粉)基础上,配施4 g·kg~(-1)有机物(猪粪或蘑菇渣))改良土壤后,空心菜生长健康,其地上部Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量均可达到食品卫生标准.比较土壤中重金属的化学形态,改良剂可能通过增加土壤pH及与重金属发生沉吸、附淀、络合等一系列反应,促进重金属由可交换态向铁锰氧化物结合态转换,从而显著降低了土壤重金属的生物有效性和减少空心菜对重金属的吸收.     

拜尔法赤泥精细还原实验研究

用精细还原方法对拜尔法赤泥进行了处理,以铁氧化物的还原度为考察指标,取其影响因素及变化范围为:赤泥颗粒平均尺度1.24~2.43μm、气态还原剂CO-H2、还原温度700~1 000℃、还原时间2~4 h。研究结果表明,还原温度对还原度的影响最为显著,其他因素影响不显著;最佳还原工况为:还原温度1 000℃、赤泥颗粒平均尺度1.236μm、气态还原剂为H2,还原时间4 h;在最佳工况条件下进行还原,还原度高达99%以上;精细还原过程中赤泥颗粒间未发生烧结,有利于采用物理方法将铁元素与其他杂质元素进一步分离;分离铁以后的尾渣可用于炼钢用脱硫渣。     

基于烧结成型的红壤除磷填料开发

为了开发除磷填料，以红壤为基本材料，并以烧结温度、粉煤灰添加量、外加剂A用量和外加剂B用量作为4个因素设计正交实验，制造了不同配方的红壤烧结填料，进行等温吸附实验并利用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸磷量进行比较。结果表明，通过烧结可使粉末状红壤成型，同时提高了其除磷能力；对填料理论吸磷量的影响因素主次顺序为外加剂B用量、外加剂A用量、粉煤灰用量及烧结温度；通过比较理论吸附量，同时考虑到成本，可以确定正交实验结果中较优填料配方组成为（重量比）：61％红壤，30％粉煤灰，0％外加剂A，9％外加剂B，烧结温度1150℃，其最大理论的磷吸附量2．274mg／cm^2，单位除磷原料成本约0．047元／g．     

Human Influence on the Spatial Structure of Threatened Pacific Salmon Metapopulations

Abstract: To remain viable, populations must be resilient to both natural and human‐caused environmental changes. We evaluated anthropogenic effects on spatial connections among populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) (designated as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act) in the lower Columbia and Willamette rivers. For several anthropogenic‐effects scenarios, we used graph theory to characterize the spatial relation among populations. We plotted variance in population size against connectivity among populations. In our scenarios, reduced habitat quality decreased the size of populations and hydropower dams on rivers led to the extirpation of several populations, both of which decreased connectivity. Operation of fish hatcheries increased connectivity among populations and led to patchy or panmictic populations. On the basis of our results, we believe recolonization of the upper Cowlitz River by fall and spring Chinook and winter steelhead would best restore metapopulation structure to near‐historical conditions. Extant populations that would best conserve connectivity would be those inhabiting the Molalla (spring Chinook), lower Cowlitz, or Clackamas (fall Chinook) rivers and the south Santiam (winter steelhead) and north fork Lewis rivers (summer steelhead). Populations in these rivers were putative sources; however, they were not always the most abundant or centrally located populations. This result would not have been obvious if we had not considered relations among populations in a metapopulation context. Our results suggest that dispersal rate strongly controls interactions among the populations that comprise salmon metapopulations. Thus, monitoring efforts could lead to understanding of the true rates at which wild and hatchery fish disperse. Our application of graph theory allowed us to visualize how metapopulation structure might respond to human activity. The method could be easily extended to evaluations of anthropogenic effects on other stream‐dwelling populations and communities and could help prioritize among competing conservation measures.     

Variability in Population Abundance and the Classification of Extinction Risk

Abstract: Classifying species according to their risk of extinction is a common practice and underpins much conservation activity. The reliability of such classifications rests on the accuracy of threat categorizations, but very little is known about the magnitude and types of errors that might be expected. The process of risk classification involves combining information from many sources, and understanding the quality of each source is critical to evaluating the overall status of the species. One common criterion used to classify extinction risk is a decline in abundance. Because abundance is a direct measure of conservation status, counts of individuals are generally the preferred method of evaluating whether populations are declining. Using the thresholds from criterion A of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (critically endangered, decline in abundance of >80% over 10 years or 3 generations; endangered, decline in abundance of 50–80%; vulnerable, decline in abundance of 30–50%; least concern or near threatened, decline in abundance of 0–30%), we assessed 3 methods used to detect declines solely from estimates of abundance: use of just 2 estimates of abundance; use of linear regression on a time series of abundance; and use of state‐space models on a time series of abundance. We generated simulation data from empirical estimates of the typical variability in abundance and assessed the 3 methods for classification errors. The estimates of the proportion of falsely detected declines for linear regression and the state‐space models were low (maximum 3–14%), but 33–75% of small declines (30–50% over 15 years) were not detected. Ignoring uncertainty in estimates of abundance (with just 2 estimates of abundance) allowed more power to detect small declines (95%), but there was a high percentage (50%) of false detections. For all 3 methods, the proportion of declines estimated to be >80% was higher than the true proportion. Use of abundance data to detect species at risk of extinction may either fail to detect initial declines in abundance or have a high error rate.     

高温下石灰岩膨胀特性和力学特性的试验研究

利用自行研制的岩石高温装置和RMT-150C岩石力学试验机,对石灰岩试件在200~700°C高温双向约束条件下的膨胀特性和力学特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:升温过程中,随着温度的升高,石灰岩试件两个约束方向的膨胀应力在600°C前逐渐增加,600°C或650°C以后出现减小现象;石灰岩垂直层理方向的热膨胀应力大于平行层理方向的热膨胀应力。恒温过程中,600°C以前的试件两方向膨胀应力曲线都随时间延长呈平稳上升,但曲线斜率远远小于升温过程;恒温一定时间后,膨胀应力趋于该温度的一个稳定值。700°C恒温结束后,石灰岩两方向的膨胀应力小于恒温前的值,说明到一定温度后石灰岩已膨胀到极限。在试验温度范围内,石灰岩峰值应力随温度升高而降低,700°C时,峰值强度值比常温下降低了58.92%,说明高温对岩石的强度会产生明显的弱化作用。石灰岩峰值应变随温度升高先增加后减少,500°C前峰值应变增加,之后逐渐减小。由于受约束条件限制,在过高温度后,石灰岩内部裂隙部分闭合,空隙数量减少,致使一定温度后其热膨胀应力和峰值应变可能减小,但具体原因有待进一步研究。     

催化铁内电解反应床对水中酸性红B的脱色研究

在铁内电解法的基础上发展出的铁镀铜滤料构成的催化铁内电解反应床,并以酸性红B为目标染料,研究了催化铁内电解反应床的脱色性能。结果表明,在不同初始pH条件下,催化铁内电解反应床对水中酸性红B的脱色效果均优于单一铁内电解反应床。在水力停留时间为2 h,进水pH值为7.2,汽水比为1∶30的条件下,催化铁内电解反应床对100 mg/L酸性红B的平均脱色率为88.5％,高于单一铁内电解反应床约9％。另外,适当增加曝气可以增加铁内电解反应床的脱色效果。