嘉陵江出口段水体碱性磷酸酶活性特征

于2011~2016年间,从嘉陵江重庆主城段水域的"磷营养状态-总碱性磷酸酶活性变化-藻华"之间的相关关系入手,通过原位实验总结TAPA与ALGAE及SRP变化规律,结合碱性磷酸酶反应动力学实验确定酶活参数,探讨酶活变化在"藻华"中的生态学意义.结果表明：消落期时,SRP为藻类生长活动主要的磷源."藻华"敏感期SRP含量全年最低,为0.012~0.021mg/L;TAPA全年最高,为10.503~11.587nmol/（L·min）.特征参数V_m和米氏常数K_m值的变化规律验证了"藻华"敏感期各样点碱性磷酸酶对底物的亲合力增高,酶的水解速率有了显著提升;碱性磷酸酶在其他形态的磷转化为SRP的过程中有很大的促进作用,为藻类等微生物生长提供充足的SRP,以利于其在适宜的生境中迅速增殖.     

密闭培养对纤细角毛藻稳定同位素组成的影响

为研究碳源对赤潮藻生长的影响,以赤潮藻纤细角毛藻（Chaetoceros gracilis）为研究对象,在密闭条件下进行培养,模拟赤潮发生时碳源缺乏的生长环境;分析碳源不足对纤细角毛藻不同生长阶段的差异影响,采用密闭培养的方法,分别在正常组和缺氮组的营养条件下培养纤细角毛藻,测定生物量、营养盐浓度和碳氮稳定同位素组成等重要监测指标.结果表明:不同营养条件对纤细角毛藻的生物量存在显著影响.在正常组,c（NO₃--N）（NO₃--N为硝酸盐）随着培养时间呈下降趋势,ρ（NO₂--N）（NO₂--N为亚硝酸盐）和ρ（NH₄+-N）（NH₄+-N为铵盐）与藻类生物量呈显著正相关,ρ（PO₄3--P）（PO₄3--P为磷酸盐）和c（SiO₄2--Si）（SiO₄2--Si为硅酸盐）与藻类生物量呈显著负相关;在缺氮组,c（NO₃--N）、ρ（NO₂--N）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（PO₄3--P）和c（SiO₄2--Si）均与藻类生物量呈显著负相关.整个试验周期中,正常组和缺氮组δ13C和δ15N值越来越正.其中,正常组的δ13C值比缺氮组的更正,平均高2.286‰;缺氮组的δ15N值比正常组的更正,平均高3.307‰.正常组和缺氮组的δ13C、δ15N值与生物量均呈显著正相关.研究显示,碳源和氮源的不足分别会导致更正的δ13C和δ15N值,推测赤潮发生会导致δ13C和δ15N值偏正,赤潮藻的碳氮稳定同位素组成可以作为赤潮监测的指标和方法.      

深圳市大鹏新区生态保护红线划定技术方法研究

生态保护红线是环境保护管理方法的一种创新,目前的研究多是针对生态功能和敏感性划定空间红线,对环境质量和资源承载能力的考虑相对较少.本文以深圳市大鹏新区为研究对象,在保障区域生态红线的性质不变、功能不降和面积不减的基础上,分别从环境质量红线、生态功能保障红线和资源利用3个方面开展生态保护红线的划分.结果表明:生态功能保障红线与生态控制线基本吻合,环境质量红线包括水环境容量利用红线和大气环境容量红线,其中,水环境容量红线为CODCr、NH3-N、TN和TP可利用的环境容量,分别为720.5、36.4、67.5和6.67t·a-1;大气环境容量红线为轨道交通分担50%的运力时,机动车为20000辆·d-1.资源利用红线为大鹏新区的最适旅游承载力,为18555人次·d-1,即677.3万人次·a-1.划分结果较好地反映了大鹏新区经济发展的自然和环境制约,可以为大鹏当地经济发展和环境保护管理提供相应的技术支持.     

一株芽孢杆菌产生物絮凝剂去除赤潮微藻的研究

以赤潮微藻米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为受试对象,对一株芽孢杆菌WZ01所产的生物絮凝剂去除赤潮微藻的性能进行了研究。结果表明:芽孢杆菌WZ01所产生物絮凝剂对人工培养的米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻藻液均有去除能力,适宜的絮凝剂质量浓度为40.0~60.0 mg/L,絮凝时间为90~120 min,pH=7.5~8.5,在20~40℃范围内生物絮凝剂对2种微藻的絮凝率无显著区别;Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度对生物絮凝剂去除2种微藻有一定影响,适宜浓度为4.0~6.0 mmol/L;适宜条件下生物絮凝剂对人工培养的米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻藻液的絮凝率均超过80.0%。研究表明,芽孢杆菌WZ01所产的生物絮凝剂在去除赤潮微藻方面有应用潜力。     

过氧化氢除藻及相关环境条件优化

采用室内培养的方式,通过正交试验研究了H_2O_2质量浓度、光照、pH值和温度4个因素复合作用对铜绿微囊藻去除的影响。结果表明,在所设置的各因素梯度范围内,对去除铜绿微囊藻影响最大的因素是H_2O_2质量浓度;光照和pH值对藻细胞数和叶绿素a的去除,以及H_2O_2残留量的影响各不相同;温度对藻细胞数的影响最小,对H_2O_2残留量的影响较小,对叶绿素a质量浓度的影响较大。除藻的最佳组合为A_1B_2C_3D_2,即光照为1 500 lx,H_2O_2质量浓度为50mg/L,pH值为8.5,温度为25℃。     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1

Barkoh, Aaron, Dennis G. Smith, and Gregory M. Southard, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments for Fish Hatcheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):161-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00400.x Abstract: In 2001, the ichthyotoxic microalga Prymnesium parvum caused massive fish kills and adversely affected fish production at the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Dundee State Fish Hatchery. Since then, we have investigated several P. parvum bloom and ichthyotoxicity control treatments to develop management strategies that allow fish production and prevent the spread of the alga into unaffected hatcheries and impoundments. Current control successes include treatments for ponds, water supply, and a hazard analysis and critical control point program. For pond treatment, ammonium sulfate (as 0.14-0.25 mg/l un-ionized ammonia nitrogen for temperatures above 15°C), copper sulfate (2 mg/l), Cutrine^®-Plus (0.2-0.4 mg/l as copper), or potassium permanganate (3 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand) controls P. parvum blooms. Copper sulfate at 1 mg/l controls P. parvum but is unable to eliminate ichthyotoxicity whereas potassium permanganate at 2 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand controls ichthyotoxicity. For water treatment, ultraviolet (UV) light at 193-220 mJ/cm² doses or ozone at 0.4-1.2 mg/l for 6 min destroy P. parvum cells and reduce or eliminate ichthyotoxicity. A combination UV and ozone treatment appears to provide the best results; however, successful treatments depend on dosage relative to cell density and toxin concentration. To prevent the spread of the alga, hatchery fish delivery units and equipment are cleaned with household bleach (10% solution for 15 minutes) or hydrogen peroxide (62.5-12,500 mg/l for 0.25-24 hours). These treatments are tailored to water quality conditions and the fish species cultured at affected TPWD hatcheries. We recommend that other users test these treatments before applying them to ponds or other impoundments containing fish or other aquatic life.     

Quantifying species recovery and conservation success to develop an IUCN Green List of Species

Stopping declines in biodiversity is critically important, but it is only a first step toward achieving more ambitious conservation goals. The absence of an objective and practical definition of species recovery that is applicable across taxonomic groups leads to inconsistent targets in recovery plans and frustrates reporting and maximization of conservation impact. We devised a framework for comprehensively assessing species recovery and conservation success. We propose a definition of a fully recovered species that emphasizes viability, ecological functionality, and representation; and use counterfactual approaches to quantify degree of recovery. This allowed us to calculate a set of 4 conservation metrics that demonstrate impacts of conservation efforts to date (conservation legacy); identify dependence of a species on conservation actions (conservation dependence); quantify expected gains resulting from conservation action in the medium term (conservation gain); and specify requirements to achieve maximum plausible recovery over the long term (recovery potential). These metrics can incentivize the establishment and achievement of ambitious conservation targets. We illustrate their use by applying the framework to a vertebrate, an invertebrate, and a woody and an herbaceous plant. Our approach is a preliminary framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Green List of Species, which was mandated by a resolution of IUCN members in 2012. Although there are several challenges in applying our proposed framework to a wide range of species, we believe its further development, implementation, and integration with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will help catalyze a positive and ambitious vision for conservation that will drive sustained conservation action.     

Bird‐community responses to habitat creation in a long‐term,large‐scale natural experiment

Ecosystem function and resilience are compromised when habitats become fragmented due to land‐use change. This has led to national and international conservation strategies aimed at restoring habitat extent and improving functional connectivity (i.e., maintaining dispersal processes). However, biodiversity responses to landscape‐scale habitat creation and the relative importance of spatial and temporal scales are poorly understood, and there is disagreement over which conservation strategies should be prioritized. We used 160 years of historic post‐agricultural woodland creation as a natural experiment to evaluate biodiversity responses to habitat creation in a landscape context. Birds were surveyed in 101 secondary, broadleaf woodlands aged 10–160 years with ≥80% canopy cover and in landscapes with 0‐17% broadleaf woodland cover within 3000 m. We used piecewise structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect relationships between bird abundance and diversity, ecological continuity, patch characteristics, and landscape structure and quantified the relative conservation value of local and landscape scales for bird communities. Ecological continuity indirectly affected overall bird abundance and species richness through its effects on stand structure, but had a weaker influence (effect size near 0) on the abundance and diversity of species most closely associated with woodland habitats. This was probably because woodlands were rapidly colonized by woodland generalists in ≤10 years (minimum patch age) but were on average too young (median 50 years) to be colonized by woodland specialists. Local patch characteristics were relatively more important than landscape characteristics for bird communities. Based on our results, biodiversity responses to habitat creation depended on local‐ and landscape‐scale factors that interacted across time and space. We suggest that there is a need for further studies that focus on habitat creation in a landscape context and that knowledge gained from studies of habitat fragmentation and loss should be used to inform habitat creation with caution because the outcomes are not necessarily reciprocal.