堆肥化处理TNT红水污染土壤

DNTS[二硝基甲苯磺酸盐,主要包括2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸盐)和2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸盐]是TNT (2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)红水污染土壤中主要污染物质,为研究堆肥化对土壤中DNTS的降解效果,采用有机废物堆肥方法,探讨堆肥化对TNT红水污染土壤中DNTS降解的可行性,以及温度、含水率和pH变化对降解效果的影响.结果表明,有机废物堆肥能处理TNT红水污染土壤,在堆肥60 d内,5个堆肥体系(猪粪+木屑、猪粪+麦壳、污泥+木屑、污泥+麦壳和马粪+木屑)对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率为65.5%~88.4%,对2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-的降解率为60.9%~100%.在第4天各堆肥体系的高温阶段(29.7~53.6℃),5个堆肥化体系中2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-总量的49.5%~67.3%被降解,说明各堆体的中温-高温阶段对有机物的降解起重要作用.堆体含水率随堆肥时间的延长呈下降趋势,在堆肥第8天,外源补水至体系含水率为50%,猪粪+麦壳体系对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率从70.2%增至88.4%,说明适当的外源补水可提高2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率.5个堆肥体系中pH均呈初期上升、后期下降并趋于稳定的趋势,但在整个堆肥过程中,堆体pH始终保持在7.3~8.3之间.研究显示,5个堆肥体系中猪粪+麦壳体系对DNTS的降解率最高,分别为88.4%和100%.      

省级生态保护红线划定实践研究 ——以青岛市为例

在省级及以上禁止开发区、重点生态功能保护区等进行调查分析的基础上,以青岛市为实践区域,与多类规划衔接,划定青岛市省级生态保护红线.青岛市最终划定59处省级生态保护红线区,面积合计1120.65 km2,占国土面积的9.9%.划定的生态保护红线符合确立"三生"空间和落实"多规合一"的要求,有利于改善生态系统服务功能,保障人居环境安全,增强经济社会可持续发展能力,对于青岛市市级生态保护红线的划定和生态安全格局的构建具有非常重要的意义.     

响应面法优化赤泥负载Co催化剂制备及活性评价

以催化臭氧氧化去除水中苯扎贝特(bezafibrate,BZF)的处理效果为评价指标,采用Plackett-Burman和响应面(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)法对Co/RM催化剂的制备条件进行优化.结果表明,浸渍质量分数和焙烧温度为催化剂制备的主要影响因素,当浸渍质量分数为4.14%、煅烧温度为389℃时BZF去除率预测值最高(71.29%).采用上述最佳制备条件制备的Co/RM催化臭氧氧化去除苯扎贝特的去除率为70.74%,与模型预测值十分接近,偏差为1%(<5%),说明响应面法实验设计和数学模型具有较好可靠性.通过比较RM和Co/RM两种催化剂对BZF的催化臭氧氧化去除效果,发现Co/RM催化臭氧氧化去除BZF的效果较为显著.采用BET、XRD和UV-Vis等表征手段对两种催化剂的表面结构和组成进行分析,结果表明两种催化剂的比表面积、总孔体积存在相同的变化规律(RM相似文献   

温度对生物强化除磷工艺反硝化除磷效果的影响

以处理城市污水的中试规模生物强化除磷A2/O活性污泥工艺系统为研究对象,考察了温度对系统COD去除和脱氮除磷效果的影响,特别是温度对活性污泥反硝化除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当温度从(30.9±0.8)℃降低到(9.1±0.6)℃时,A2/O系统的脱氮除磷效果显著下降,系统对TN和TP的污泥去除负荷明显下降.通过污泥反硝化除磷活性实验发现,随着温度的降低,系统中活性污泥的最大厌氧释磷速率、最大好氧吸磷速率和最大缺氧吸磷速率都降低.活性污泥中反硝化除磷菌(DPB)占聚磷菌(PAOs)总量的比例随温度降低稍有下降,但平均值仍维持在47.5％左右.用阿伦尼乌斯公式对实验结果进行拟合,得到系统中活性污泥聚磷菌厌氧释磷反应活化能Ea1为148.0 kJ· mol-1,聚磷菌好氧吸磷反应活化能Ea2为228.8 kJ·mol-1,发生在缺氧条件下反硝化除磷菌的吸磷反应活化能Ea3为315.8 kJ·mol-1.对不同温度下污泥絮体粒径分析结果表明,随温度降低,粒径分布更加集中,系统中活性污泥絮体颗粒平均粒径减小,不利于污泥絮体内部反硝化除磷缺氧微环境的形成.     

发酵液作为EBPR碳源的动力学模拟

发酵液是一种优质的碳源,能够提高生物除磷系统(EBPR)的除磷效果.采用基于碳源代谢的修正ASM2模型,能够较好地模拟发酵液作为EBPR碳源的动力学变化规律.发酵液作为EBPR唯一碳源时,系统中的异养菌不仅不对聚磷菌(PAO)的生长构成竞争关系,反而促进PAO的生长.发酵液作为实际污水的补充碳源时,优化了污水中的碳源组成,创造了有利于聚磷菌生长的环境,使EBPR中聚磷菌达到微生物总量的40%以上,比实际污水作为碳源的EBPR中的PAO含量提高了3.3倍.     

直接大红4BE的磷钨酸均相光催化还原脱色

以磷钨酸(H3PW12O40,PW12)为光催化剂,异丙醇(Isopropanol)作为电子给体的条件下对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化还原脱色研究,考察PW12用量、IS浓度、直接大红4BE和盐浓度等因素的影响,结果表明杂多蓝(PW1-2)对直接大红4BE具有明显的还原脱色作用.pH=2.0,直接大红4BE初始浓度50 mg·L-1,PW12浓度为600 mg·L-1,IS浓度为0.13mol·L-1,50 min直接大红4BE的脱色率可达到90.39%.4BE的光催化还原脱色速率随PW12和IS浓度的增加而增加,最后趋于恒定;直接大红4BE初始浓度增加,其光反应一级速率常数降低;PW12、IS和4BE浓度之间存在交互影响.离子强度增加,4BE脱色速率减小,表现为负的盐效应,推测4BE与光反应生成的杂多蓝(PW1-2)进行复合,然后发生电子转移引起偶氮染料还原脱色和杂多蓝氧化复原.本研究结果表明PW12/IS/UV能够有效用于偶氮染料直接大红4BE的还原脱色处理.     

Application of red mud as a basic catalyst for biodiesel production

Red mud was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a basic catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis.The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity of red mud catalysts was investigated.It was found that highly active catalyst was obtained by simply drying red mud at 200°C.Utilization of red mud as a catalyst for biodiesel production not only provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this solid red mud waste,significantly reducing its environmental effects,but also reduces the price of biodiesel to make biodiesel competitive with petroleum diesel.     

Using lysosomal membrane stability of haemocytes in Ruditapes philippinarum as a biomarker of cellular stress to assess contamination by caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and novobiocin

Although pharmaceuticals have been detected in the environment only in the range from ng/L to g/L, it has been demonstrated that they can adversely affect the health status of aquatic organisms. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) has previously been applied as an indicator of cellular well-being to determine health status in bivalve mussels. The objective of this study is to evaluate LMS in Ruditapes philippinarum haemolymph using the neutral red retention assay (NRRA). Clams were exposed in laboratory conditions to caffeine (0.1, 5, 15, 50 μg/L), ibuprofen (0.1, 5, 10, 50 μg/L), carbamazepine and novobiocin (both at 0.1, 1, 10, 50 μg/L) for 35 days. Results show a dose-dependent effect of the pharmaceuticals. The neutral red retention time measured at the end of the bioassay was significantly reduced by 50% after exposure to environmental concentrations (p < 0.05) (caffeine = 15 μg/L; ibuprofen = 10 μg/L; carbamazepine = 1 μg/L and novobiocin = 1 μg/L), compared to controls. Clams exposed to these pharmaceuticals were considered to present a diminished health status (retention time < 45 min), significantly worse than controls (96 min) (p < 0.05). The predicted no environmental effect concentration (PNEC) results showed that these pharmaceuticals are very toxic at the environmental concentrations tested. Measurement of the alteration of LMS has been found to be a sensitive technique that enables evaluation of the health status of clams after exposure to pharmaceuticals under laboratory conditions, thus representing a robust Tier-1 screening biomarker.     

咸潮预警值设定的研究

为研究咸潮预警,上海某饮用水源地安装了蓝色卫士水质综合预警系统。采用实验室配制人工海水模拟减潮,通过动态实验研究蓝色卫士的成潮预警值。试验证明,成潮预警值设定范围为1．6～1．8较好。经过连续1a自动监测,蓝色卫士共准确预警预报两次成潮,成功保障了该水源地的饮水安全。     

基于遥感监测的黄海绿潮漂移路径及分布面积特征分析

本文利用2008～2012年的多源卫星遥感序列图像,动态监测各年绿潮发生的漂移路径、影响海域面积,得到各年绿潮漂移趋势、分布面积和最大分布面积出现时间。根据监测结果,划分出影响绿潮漂移路径的关键区域,并分析了2008、2009和2010年关键区域内各年绿潮漂移方向和面积变化情况。