改良剂对中国两种典型土壤铜锌有效性的影响及机理

研究了改良剂对土壤铜锌有效性的影响,以期对重金属复合污染土壤的修复有一定的指导意义。在红壤与黄泥土中施用石灰、重钙和沸石,观测土壤有效态铜锌含量及pH,并测定了不同pH值下土壤有效态铜锌含量,以阐明改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的机理。向供试土壤中外源加入一定量的铜锌溶液,制成铜、锌污染土壤,稳定平衡30d,采用CaCl2浸提法测定土壤有效态铜锌的含量。结果表明,施用改良剂能显著降低土壤铜锌的有效性,其中石灰的效果最佳,沸石次之,重钙最差。两种土壤中,复合污染下铜锌有效态含量均高于单一污染,其中铜单一污染有效态含量与复合污染差异显著(P<0.05),而锌单一污染与复合污染差异不显著(P>0.05)。可能是因为锌比铜竞争力更强,更易于被土壤吸附固定。随着土壤pH升高,两种土壤的有效态铜锌含量均显著下降,且复合污染高于单一污染;而在相同pH值下,两种土壤中有效态铜锌含量的差异不显著。可见,pH值是影响土壤重金属有效性的关键因素。改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的主要机理在于其能显著提高土壤pH值,致使有效态重金属含量明显下降。     

不同农业施肥制度对红壤稻田土壤磷肥力的影响

采用田间定位试验研究了几种不同农业施肥制度对红壤稻田土壤磷肥力的影响．结果表明：（1）在移耕农业、施化学N肥和NK胆施肥制下，农田系统磷素亏缺量大，7年间达140mg/hm2以上，土壤有效磷降低；（2）有机农业和施化学P肥施肥制可促进农田系统磷素平衡，改善土壤供磷状况，提高稻株含磷量和磷累积量；（3）在有权无机结合施肥制下，农田系统土壤磷素盈余量大，7年间共达200mg／hm2以上，并可改善土壤磷组分，增加土壤有效磷含量，促进水稻对磷的吸收．     

尿中1-羟基芘的同步荧光测定法

本文报告1-羟基芘的荧光光谱在碱性溶液中的红移现象,研究了在1mol/l NaOH溶液中的同步荧光光谱,得出最适△λ为35nm.以此为基础建立了尿中1-羟基芘的同步荧光测定法,回收率80%,精密度8.0%,检测下限0.05ng/ml.     

壳聚糖在固定化光合细菌处理染料活性艳红X-3B中的应用研究

采用海藻酸钠对光合细菌进行包埋,并在固定化过程中加入壳聚糖,研究添加了壳聚糖的固定化细胞在不同条件下对活性艳红X-3B的脱色效果及其降解动力学.实验结果表明,在厌氧条件下,X-3B的脱色效果较好;染料浓度在30～300 mg/L之间变化时,厌氧降解动力学方程均符合一级动力学方程;降解速率与染料初始浓度之间关系符合Michaelis-Menten方程,反应动力学参数Km=374.96 mg/L,Vmax=7.53 mg/L·h.振荡有利于脱色并使半衰期缩短;固定化小球可重复使用.     

Comparative studies of the Fe3+/2+-UV, H2O2-UV, TiO2-UV/vis systems for the decolorization of a textile dye X-3B in water

The degradation of a common textile dye, Reactive-brilliant red X-3B, by several advanced oxidation technologies was studied in an air-saturated aqueous solution. The dye was resistant to the UV illumination (wavelength λ  320 nm), but was decolorized when one of Fe³⁺, H₂O₂ and TiO₂ components was present. The decolorization rate was observed to be quite different for each system, and the relative order evaluated under comparable conditions followed the order of Fe²⁺–H₂O₂–UV  Fe²⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂–UV > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–TiO₂–UV > TiO₂–UV > Fe³⁺–UV > TiO₂–visible light (λ  450 nm) > H₂O₂–UV > Fe²⁺–UV. The mechanism for each process is discussed, and linked together for understanding the observed differences in reactivity.     

Assessment of Contamination By Percolation Of Septic Tank Effluent Through Natural and Amended Soils

Fly ash has been found to be a potential material for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and may be useful in the treatment of septic tank effluent. Laboratory columns (30 cm) were used to determine the sorption capacity and hydraulic properties of lagoon fly ash, loamy sand, sand, and sand amended by lagoon fly ash (30 and 60%) and red mud gypsum (20%). The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was high in all column effluents (71–93%). Extent of nitrification was high in Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and 20% red mud gypsum amended Spearwood sand. However, actual removal of nitrogen (N) was high in columns containing lagoon fly ash. Unamended Spearwood sand possessed only minimal capacity for P sorption. Merribrook loamy sand and red mud gypsum amended sand affected complete P removal throughout the study period of 12 weeks. Significant P leakage occurred from lagoon fly ash amended sand columns following 6–10 weeks of operation. Neither lagoon fly ash nor red mud gypsum caused any studied heavy metal contamination including manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) of effluent. It can be concluded that Merribrook loamy sand is better natural soil than Spearwood sand as a filter medium. The addition of lagoon fly ash enhanced the removal of P in Spearwood sand but the efficiency was lower than with red mud gypsum amendment.     

Phytoplanktonic Community of Organically Polluted Tropical Reservoirs in Eastern India

Plankton is a kaleidoscopic spectrum of organisms with repre-sentatives from almost all phyla of animals and thousands of non-flowering plants. Unicellular protozoans, invertebrates and bacteriato diatoms all drift around as the plankton community. The produc-tion rate of plankton is determined by a host of environmental pa-rameters like physico-chemical properties of water and soil, mete-orological characteristics of the region, and morphometric and hy-drographic features of the water body[3]…     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土活性碳的影响

在23年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了不同施肥对红壤性水稻土活性碳的影响。结果表明,在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥(猪粪 紫云英绿肥)(OM)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,土壤微生物量碳含量、潜在可矿化碳含量和可溶性有机碳含量均随土层深度的增加而降低;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳含量、潜在可矿化碳含量和可溶性有机碳含量从高到低顺序都为:NPKM>OM>NPK>CK,长期施用肥料,特别是施有机肥与无机肥配施能提高土壤微生物量碳、潜在可矿化碳和可溶性有机碳含量,从而保持和提高土壤碳库质量。同施肥处理A层的土壤活性碳占土壤有机碳的比率显著大于P层;同施肥处理同发生层各土壤活性碳占土壤有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:潜在可矿化碳的比率(R2)>微生物量碳的比率(R1)>可溶性有机碳的比率(R3);同施肥处理同发生层土壤活性碳占土壤有机碳比率R1、R2、R3大小顺序都为:NPKM>OM>NPK>CK。除P层微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳之间外,土壤有机碳总量与各活性碳之间以及各类活性碳之间相关性均达到极显著水平。     

磁性肥料及其对水稻生长的影响研究

磁性肥料能明显促进水稻的生长和提高生物产量，在以广州发电厂的粉煤灰为主要磁性物质时，对赤红壤和水稻来说，其磁性肥料磁处理的最佳磁感应强度是０．２２Ｔ．