土壤砷污染及修复技术

综述了土壤中砷污染的主要来源,探讨了土壤砷污染的不同修复技术研究现状及特点,并分析了土壤砷污染未来研究需强化的几个方面。     

GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE SEMINOLE WELL FIELD,CEDAR RAPIDS,IOWA1

The City of Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from four well fields in an alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Since 1992, the City and the U.S. Geological Survey have cooperatively studied the groundwater-flow system and water chemistry near the well fields. The geochemistry in the alluvial aquifer near the Seminole Well Field was assessed to identify potentially reactive minerals and possible chemical reactions that produce observed changes in water chemistry. Calcite, dolomite, ferrihydrite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and siderite were identified as potentially reactive minerals by calculating saturation indexes. Aluminosiicate minerals including albite, Ca-montmorillonite, gibbsite, illite, K-feldspar, and kaolinite were identified as potentially reactive minerals using hypothetical saturation indexes calculated with an assumed dissolved aluminum concentration of 1 microgram per liter. Balanced chemical equations derived from inverse-modeling techniques were used to assess chemical reactions as precipitation percolates to the water table. Calcite dissolution was predominate, but aluminosilicate weathering, cation exchange, and redox reactions also likely occurred. Microbial-catalyzed redox reactions altered the chemical composition of water infiltrating from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer by consuming dissolved oxygen, reducing nitrate, and increasing dissolved iron and manganese concentrations. Nitrate reduction only occurred in relatively shallow (3 to 7 meters below land surface) groundwater near the Cedar River and did not occur in water infiltrating to deeper zones of the alluvial aquifer.     

环境条件变化对土壤中稀土元素溶解释放的影响

以模拟污染红壤为实验材料,在pH值为3.5、5.5和7.5条件下,通过向土壤悬浊液中通入O2或N2改变氧化还原电位Eh为－100,0和400mV,研究了氧化还原电位和pH值对红壤中稀土元素La和Ce溶解释放的影响．结果表明,随着pH值或Eh的减小,La和Ce释放量逐渐增大,Ce受电位的影响较La更为明显．同时还观察到La和Ce的释放量与Fe、Mn的释放量呈显著正相关,表明La和Ce可能主要吸附在Fe－Mn氧化物表面或滞留在Fe－Mn氧化物中．实验还发现,pH值和氧化还原电位的改变会影响红壤中La和Ce形态的变化,分离后沉淀物中的交换态和Fe－Mn氧化物结合态稀土随pH值或氧化还原电位的减小而减小．多元相关逐步回归分析表明．红壤中La和Ce两种元素的释放主要来自交换态和Pe－Mn氧化物结合态．     

萘厌氧降解菌群的富集及氧化还原介体的强化

为揭示氧化还原介体（ROMs）对萘厌氧降解的强化作用,以萘为唯一碳源富集到中温萘厌氧降解菌群.通过Illumina MiSeq测序对接种污泥和富集培养物进行了细菌群落结构解析,并考察了固定化蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸（AQDS）、蒽醌-2-磺酸（AQS）和腐殖酸强化萘厌氧降解的特征.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,Pseudomonas、Thauera、和Georgfuchsia是该富集培养物中的优势萘降解菌,其相对丰度分别为52.4%、13.8%和17.6%.在污泥接种量为0.23g/L和萘初始浓度10mg/L条件下,富集菌群9d内对萘的降解率约为64%.ROMs强化试验结果表明,3种ROMs对萘的厌氧降解均有一定的促进作用.其中,AQDS的强化效果最为显著,当AQDS浓度为0.8mmol/L,培养至第7d时,萘的去除率为92.0%,比同期的对照组高1.2倍.此外,硝酸盐对ROMs强化萘厌氧降解的影响研究结果表明,在NaNO₃浓度为0~0.8g/L范围内,萘的降解速率随着硝酸盐浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势.当NaNO₃浓度为0.6g/L时,萘的去除率在第6d就达到了91.0%,比对照组提高了15.2%.由此可见,在厌氧条件下添加适量硝酸盐可提高ROMs对萘降解的强化效果.     

Conflicting processes in the wetland plant rhizosphere: Metal retention or mobilization?

Increasingly wetlands are used for treatment of metal-contaminated water or as a cover over metal-enriched mine tailings. Natural wetlands may also be contaminated with metals from anthropogenic sources. While wetland conditions tend to be favorable for immobilization of metals, wetland plants could influence metal mobility through redox and pH processes in the rhizosphere. Our current knowledge of these processes is reviewed, focusing on the question of whether the advantages of growing wetland plants in metal-contaminated sediments outweigh the disadvantages. Wetland plants alter the redox conditions, pH and organic matter content of sediments and so affect the chemical speciation and mobility of metals. Metals may be mobilized or immobilized, depending on the actual combination of factors, and it is extremely difficult to predict which effects plants will actually have on metal mobility under a given set of conditions. However, while the effects of plants can extend several tens of centimeters into the sediments, there are no reports suggesting large-scale mobilization of metals by wetland plants.     

Regulation of soil enzyme activities in constructed wetlands under a short-term drying period

The activities of extracellular enzymes are important in understanding decomposition of soil organic matter in wetlands subjecting to drying. The activity of soil extracellular enzymes (β-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase), and related physicochemical parameters were monitored in constructed freshwater wetlands during a one-month drying manipulation. Drying increased redox potential and decreased soil water content significantly (P<0.05). Higher content of soil organic matter (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of inorganic N (nitrate, P<0.01; and ammonia, P<0.001) were also observed significantly under drying condition. Soil hydrolase enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (β-glucosidase, P<0.05; N-acetylglucosaminidase, P<0.01; and phosphatase, P<0.001), and a two-phase pattern of enzyme activities was revealed under drying condition. The increase of soil enzyme activities under drying condition was significantly related to soil redox potential (P<0.001). Drying strongly affected soil enzyme activities only when soil water content remained above an optimal level for enzymatic catalysis (higher than 23% w/w), corresponding to redox potentials below 250–300 mV. Our results suggest that, under drying condition, potential enzyme activities may be regulated by redox potential, in respect to soil moisture, and consequently alter nutrient availability in wetlands.     

BTEX污染含水层不同形态铁含量变化的试验模拟

通过砂柱试验模拟BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的混合物)污染含水层的过程,分析了含水层中铁形态分布及氧化还原环境的变化.结果表明:发生铁还原反应区域介质中的w(TFe)降幅最大,达25.7%;而发生硫酸盐还原反应的区域介质中的w(TFe)因亚铁沉淀生成作用降幅减至11.7%~14.6%.铁还原菌电子受体主要来源于氧化物结合态铁;氧化物结合态铁首先转化为可交换态铁,进而被利用.硫化物结合态铁的形成可作为硫酸盐还原过程开始的标志.      

1,2-二氯乙烷自然衰减过程中模拟饱和含水层的氧化还原条件变化

为研究自然条件下饱和含水层中1,2-DCA(1,2-二氯乙烷)的自然衰减过程及该过程中含水层氧化还原环境的变化特征,利用室内连续水流土柱模拟饱和含水层,研究生物降解作用对1,2-DCA自然衰减的贡献以及饱和含水层环境条件的动态变化规律. 初始ρ(1,2-DCA)为50 mg/L,模拟地下水流速为450 μL/min,模拟试验连续进行30 d,分别监测ρ(1,2-DCA)和水环境指标. 结果表明,1,2-DCA自然衰减的一级速率常数为0.068 9 d-1,其中生物降解作用的贡献率为6.34%. 1,2-DCA自然衰减过程中,NO₃-首先充当生物降解的电子受体,随后Fe3+、SO₄2-依次发生反应,土柱内部不同高度出现了氧化还原分带,分别是硫酸盐还原带、铁盐还原带、硝酸盐还原带.      

CellSense生物传感器毒性分析系统应用研究

介绍了一种基于大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的CellSense生物传感器毒性分析系统,对其毒性分析条件进行了初步优化,并探讨了其在重金属离子生物急性毒性分析中的应用性能.结果表明,以p-苯醌为电子传递介质时,基于大肠杆菌的CellSense生物传感器具有良好的毒性分析特性,测试得Hg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Ni2+四种金属离子的EC50分别为1.1、6.5、66.0和119.0μg·mL-1;呼吸基质的pH低于6.0和盐度(NaCl)高于3%(w/w)时,对E.coli的活性产生一定的抑制作用.     

节水知识、意识和行为的现状评估及系统分析——以北京市中学生为例

节约用水是缓解水资源紧缺的有效途径,涉及社会心理层面认知、意愿的复杂状态。设计问卷对312名北京市中学生的节水知识、意识和行为进行现状评估,系统分析三者相互关系,为推行更为有效的节水管理措施提供支持。结果显示,节水知识、意识和行为问卷的信度指标(Cronbach’sα)值分别为0.82、0.77和0.84。中学生群体缺乏对节水的精确定量认知,难以判别用水的合理程度;电视是当前的主要知识来源。水资源的稀缺性被广泛认同,中学生群体具有一定的敏感度和节水责任感,能够感知水资源条件的变化;但缺乏深入理解,尤其存在"口号化"的倾向。中学生群体在节水行为方面有待改进。通过改变自身用水方式达到节水目的的行为发生频次超过半数,而改变他人用水方式的人际行为发生率较低。节水意识显著影响节水行为,节水知识对节水意识的影响不具统计意义。节水知识除直接影响节水行为外,还通过节水意识的中介效应影响节水行为,两者效果比例大约9∶1。