蒽醌染料中间体催化强化偶氮染料生物脱色

考察了醌还原菌群利用6种蒽醌染料中间体对偶氮染料生物脱色的催化强化作用.结果表明,溴氨酸(1-氨基-4-溴蒽醌-2-磺酸, BAA)的催化强化效果最好;游离态菌群以BAA作为氧化还原介体可催化强化多种偶氮染料的生物脱色,其中对酸性大红3R脱色的适宜条件为pH 6～9之间;外加葡萄糖浓度400～600 mg/L;BAA浓度19～34.2 mg/L,染料起始浓度≤900 mg/L.在此条件下,最大脱色率约为95%、达到最大脱色率的时间<7 h.同时发现,投加氧化还原介体BAA浓度为38～57mg/L时,固定化菌群降解酸性大红3R(180 mg/L)的最大脱色率在14 h内达到93%;在不补加BAA的情况下,固定化菌群经7次循环使用后,脱色率仍保持在85%以上.     

渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展演化研究

通过砂箱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展和演化过程.结果表明,随着时间的推移和污染程度的加重,各氧化还原带不断向前推移,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带的范围不断扩大,随后出现惰性区.在氧化还原带的整个演化过程中,各带中TOC、硫化物、NH 4 -N、HC03-3、CO2和Fe2 等物质的浓度随时间的推移而升高,随离污染源距离的增加而降低;NO-3和DO等物质的浓度随时间的推移而减小,随离污染源距离的增加而升高;SO2-4的浓度则随时间的推移先减小而后增加,随离污染源距离的增加而降低.而且,随着污染程度的加重,沉积物中Fe3 含量降低, TOC含量升高.在氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、铁还原带和产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带沉积物中, Fe3 由占OXC的70.5%分别减小为56.3%、41%、28.3%和15%;TOC由占RDC的98.7%分别升高为102.0%、107.0%、142.9%和162.1%;Fe2 主要以PeS和FeCO3,沉淀形式沉积下来,分别占总Fe2 的80.6%、175.6%、377.7%和555.1%.     

Enhanced U(Ⅵ) bioreduction by alginate-immobilized uranium-reducing bacteria in the presence of carbon nanotubes and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate

Uranium-reducing bacteria were immobilized with sodium alginate, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate(AQDS), and carbon nanotubes(CNTs). The effects of different AQDS-CNTs contents, U(Ⅳ) concentrations, and metal ions on U(Ⅳ) reduction by immobilized beads were examined. Over 97.5% U(Ⅵ)(20 mg/L) was removed in 8 hr when the beads were added to 0.7% AQDS-CNTs, which was higher than that without AQDS-CNTs. This result may be attributed to the enhanced electron transfer by AQDS and CNTs. The reduction of U(Ⅵ) occurred at initial U(Ⅵ) concentrations of 10 to 100 mg/L and increased with increasing AQDS-CNT content from 0.1% to 1%. The presence of Fe(Ⅲ), Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ)slightly increased U(Ⅵ) reduction, whereas Cr(Ⅵ), Ni(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ), and Zn(Ⅱ) significantly inhibited U(Ⅵ) reduction. After eight successive incubation-washing cycles or 8 hr of retention time(HRT) for 48 hr of continuous operation, the removal efficiency of uranium was above 90% and 92%, respectively. The results indicate that the AQDS-CNT/AL/cell beads are suitable for the treatment of uranium-containing wastewaters.     

A conceptual framework to understand the role of built environment on traffic safety

IntroductionMany U.S. cities have adopted the Vision Zero strategy with the specific goal of eliminating traffic-related deaths and injuries. To achieve this ambitious goal, safety professionals have increasingly called for the development of a safe systems approach to traffic safety. This approach calls for examining the macrolevel risk factors that may lead road users to engage in errors that result in crashes. This study explores the relationship between built environment variables and crash frequency, paying specific attention to the environmental mediating factors, such as traffic exposure, traffic conflicts, and network-level speed characteristics. Methods: Three years (2011–2013) of crash data from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, were used to model crash frequency on surface streets as a function of built environment variables at the census block group level. Separate models were developed for total and KAB crashes (i.e., crashes resulting in fatalities (K), incapacitating injuries (A), or non-incapacitating injuries (B)) using the conditional autoregressive modeling approach to account for unobserved heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation present in data. Results: Built environment variables that are found to have positive associations with both total and KAB crash frequencies include population, vehicle miles traveled, big box stores, intersections, and bus stops. On the other hand, the number of total and KAB crashes tend to be lower in census block groups with a higher proportion of two-lane roads and a higher proportion of roads with posted speed limits of 35 mph or less. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the plausible mechanism of how the built environment influences traffic safety. The variables found to be significant are all policy-relevant variables that can be manipulated to improve traffic safety. Practical Applications: The study findings will shape transportation planning and policy level decisions in designing the built environment for safer travels.     

Mitigation Strategy to Contain Methane Emission from Rice-Fields

Methane is primarily a biogenic gas, which is implicated in global climate change. Among all the sources of methane emission, paddy fields form the most dominant source. An experiment was conducted with a common paddy crop (Oryza sativa var. Vishnuparag) by amending the soils with different organic manures and biofertilizers with a view to find out an inexpensive strategy to mitigate methane emission from the rice-fields. The results revealed that there was a seasonal change in the CH₄ flux, registering a peak at heading stage in all treatments. The application of rice straw before flooding and the biofertilizer after flooding enhances CH₄ efflux from the rice-fields significantly, while composts of cowdung and leaves did not stimulate CH₄ production and, rather, decreased CH₄ fluxes. As soil pH and temperature were optimum for methanogenesis, it was likely that the organic C and the redox potential mainly modulated methane production and its emission through rice plants.     

共基质体系下漆酶介体系统降解氮杂环化合物的研究

采用2,2-连氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻吡咯啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)作为介体,与纯漆酶组成漆酶介体系统(LMS),分别研究了单基质和共基质体系下LMS对氮杂环化合物的降解。结果表明:(1)LMS对单基质和共基质体系中的吲哚的降解反应很快达到平衡,约为1h。(2)共基质体系中吡啶的引入,对吲哚的降解没有明显的促进或抑制作用;共基质体系中喹啉的引入,对吲哚的降解有较小的促进作用,而同时引入吡啶和喹啉,一定程度上也促进了吲哚的降解。(3)喹啉不能被LMS所降解。共基质体系中吲哚的引入,对吡啶的降解有一定的抑制作用;对喹啉的降解有一定的促进作用。(4)在LMS的作用下,推断吲哚生成的中间产物是氧化吲哚和靛红;吡啶生成的产物是戊二醛和戊二酸;喹啉最先生成2-羟基喹啉。     

醋酸纤维素包埋非水溶性介体催化强化生物反硝化特性

利用醋酸纤维素包埋法固定非水溶性醌类介体,研究其催化强化Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1的反硝化作用。结果表明,醌浓度在26.7 mmol/L时,固定化蒽醌(AQ)、1-氯蒽醌(1-AQ)、2-氯蒽醌(2-AQ)、1,5-二氯蒽醌(1,5-AQ)、1,8-二氯蒽醌(1,8-AQ)和1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌(1,4,5,8-AQ)催化反硝化效率依次为:1,5-AQ1,8-AQ1,4,5,8-AQAQ1-AQ空白对照2-AQ。反应10 h时,1,5-AQ可使硝酸盐去除率比空白对照提高1.84倍;硝酸盐氮反硝化动力学拟合为零级反应,其速率常数Kx随1,5-AQ浓度的增加均呈线性增加(Kx=0.1885C1,5-AQ+8.378);水中溶解氧会降低GW1菌反硝化的效果;投加1,5-AQ的反硝化体系中亚硝酸盐积累的最大值比不投加介体的低48.3%;醋酸纤维素介体小球经过4次的重复利用,催化效果始终是空白对照的1.5倍以上。醋酸纤维素固定化非水溶性醌可以有效加速生物反硝化,表明其是一种较优的醌固定化方法,具有良好的应用价值。     

The use of electrolyte redox potential to monitor the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) couple

Mathematical modelling of the oxidation reduction redox potential (ORP) of an electrolyte has been carried out for a batch system comprising an electrochemical reactor and an electrolyte circuit containing a redox couple. The ORP can be useful to monitor the environmental impact of chemical species in solution that represent a risk to the environment. Considerations of four fundamental equations, namely, the Nernst equation, a mass balance, Faraday's laws of electrolysis and a first order kinetic equation, leads to an expression for the electrolyte redox potential as a function of the batch time, the electrical charge and the redox concentration. Such an expression facilitates graphical plots which can be used to estimate kinetic parameters, current efficiency and the relative redox concentration. The Ce(IV)/Ce(III) system has been chosen as a model reaction for electrolyte redox potential measurement in a batch recycle system consisting of a pumped flow through a divided FM01-LC parallel-plate electrochemical reactor (64cm(2) projected electrode area) and a well mixed tank (3600cm(3)). The differences between experimental and model predictions are discussed.     

海相沉积岩铁同位素体系及其古环境指示

铁(Fe)作为主要造岩元素及生命必需元素,广泛参与地球表层圈层所涉及的物理、化学和生物作用,在调节海洋初级生产力和驱动海洋生物地球化学循环过程扮演重要角色.Fe同位素作为较早开发的非传统稳定同位素体系,目前已成为示踪生物地球化学循环过程及古海洋环境演变的有效手段.本文在对全球海洋Fe循环和表生地质过程Fe同位素分馏机理...     

采煤沉陷积水区土壤覆水初期氧化还原反应过程与磷迁移转化的耦合研究

以淮南潘谢某采煤沉陷积水区为研究对象,通过设计室内模拟实验,对其农业耕作层土壤初期覆水条件下的氧化还原过程进行了考察.在此基础上研究了磷(P)自农业土壤内部向"水-土"界面迁移转化潜能,模拟实验持续近4个月.同时,实验采取土壤理化性质分析和孔隙水表征相结合的方法进行,土壤主要分析了淹水前后有机质含量(OM)、铁氧化物、P含量及其赋存形态等相关变化,而孔隙水则分析了pH、氧化还原电位(E_h)、溶解无机碳(DIC)和有机碳(DOC)、Fe²⁺、NO₃^--N、SO₄^2--S,较为保守元素Cl^-作为其他可变指标的参考.结果发现,研究过程中观察到了微生物活动所对应的不同氧化还原过程,1~2周后土柱内部的NO₃^--N和SO₄^2--S由于呼吸作用趋于耗竭,孔隙水Fe²⁺持续升高,并伴随着活性磷(DRP)的释放.此后整个体系氧化还原反应趋于平衡,在"水-土"界面观察到了明显的Fe"泵升"现象,弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P)和有机磷(OP)有向金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)迁移转化的趋势,但孔隙水内部DRP能否向表层迁移短时间内不能确定.